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Saint Kitts and Nevis ( ( )), also known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis, is an
in the . Located in the
chain of the , it is the smallest
in the Western Hemisphere, in both
and . The country is a , with
The capital city is
on the larger island of . The smaller island of
lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) southeast of Saint Kitts across a shallow channel called "The Narrows".
The British dependency of
was historically also a part of this union, which was then known collectively as . To the north-northwest lie the islands of , and
and Anguilla. To the east and northeast are , and to the southeast is the small uninhabited island of , and the island of , which currently has an active volcano (see ).
Saint Kitts and Nevis were among the first islands in the Caribbean to be settled by Europeans. Saint Kitts was home to the first British and French colonies in the , and thus has also been titled "The Mother Colony of the West Indies".
Saint Kitts was named "Liamuiga", which roughly translates as "fertile land", by the
Indians who originally inhabited the island. The name is preserved via St. Kitts's western peak, . Nevis's pre-Columbian name was "Oualie", meaning "land of beautiful waters".
upon sighting what is now Nevis in 1493 gave that island the name San Martín. The current name "Nevis" is derived from a Spanish name Nuestra Se?ora de las Nieves. This Spanish name means Our Lady of the Snows. It is not known who chose this name for the island, but it is a reference to the story of a fourth-century Catholic miracle: a summertime snowfall on the
in Rome. Perhaps the white clouds which usually wreathe the top of Nevis Peak reminded someone of the story of a miraculous snowfall in a hot climate. The island of Nevis upon first British settlement was referred to as "Dulcina", a name meaning "sweet one" in Spanish. Eventually the original Spanish name was restored and used in the shortened form, "Nevis".
There is some disagreement over the name which Christopher Columbus gave to St. Kitts. For many years it was thought that he named the island San Cristóbal, after , his
and the patron hallow of travellers. New studies suggest that Columbus named the island Sant Yago (Saint James). The name "San Cristóbal" was given by Columbus to the island now known as , 20 mi northwest. It seems that "San Cristóbal" came to be applied to the island of St. Kitts only as the result of a mapping error.
No matter the origin of the name, the island was well documented as "San Cristóbal" by the 17th century. The first English colonists kept the English translation of this name, and dubbed it "St. Christopher's Island". In the 17th century, a common nickname for Christopher was Kit, or Kitt. This is why the island was often informally referred to as "Saint Kitt's Island", further shortened to "Saint Kitts".
refers to the state as both "Saint Kitts and Nevis" and "Saint Christopher and Nevis", but the former is the one most commonly used.
The Spanish capture of Saint Kitts in 1629 by
The first inhabitants, perhaps as early as 3000 years ago, were called . They were followed by the , or
about 1000 BC.
Peak native populations occurred between 500 and 600 AD. The warlike
invaded about 800 AD. They had expanded north of St. Kitts by the time of the Spanish conquest.
In 1623 the island was settled by the English, soon followed by the French, both agreeing to partition the island. The Spanish were superior to the Kalinagos in terms of warfare, and the French and English were even more "economically aggressive and militarily determined" than the Spanish.
The French and English, intent on self-enrichment through exploitation of the island's resources, understood from the start that their establishment of settlements in St. Kitts would be met with resistance, and such resistance was waged by the Kalinago throughout the first three years of the settlements' existence. Throughout the process of establishing settlements on St. Kitts, as elsewhere in the Caribbean, the French and the English, like their predecessors, were intent on enslaving, expelling or exterminating the Kalinagos, since the latter's retention of land threatened the profitability of the European-controlled plantation economy. To facilitate this objective, an ideological campaign was waged by colonial chroniclers, dating back to the Spanish, as they produced literature which systematically denied Kalinago humanity (a literary tradition carried through the late 17th century by such authors as
and Pere Labat).
In 1626, the Anglo-French settlers joined forces to , allegedly to pre-empt an imminent plan by the Caribs, conniving with the Kalinagos, or, according to Tertre's account, just kill the European colonialists who had maintained their presence on the island by force for three years.
A Spanish expedition sent to enforce Spanish claims
and deported the settlers back to their respective countries in 1629. As part of
settlement in 1630, the Spanish permitted the re-establishment of the English and French colonies.
As Spanish power went into decline, Saint Kitts became the premier base for English and French expansion into the Caribbean. From St. Kitts the British settled the islands of , ,
and , and the French settled , the
archipelago and . During the late 17th century France and England battled for control over St Kitts. The French ceded the territory to Britain in 1713.
At the turn of the 18th century, St. Kitts was the richest British colony per capita in the Caribbean, a result of the sugar trade.
Although small in size and separated by only 2 miles (3 km) of water, the two islands were viewed and governed as different states until the late 19th century, when they were forcibly unified along with the island of Anguilla, by the British. To this day relations are strained, with Nevis accusing Saint Kitts of neglecting its needs.
Saint Kitts and Nevis along with Anguilla, became an
with full internal autonomy in 1967. Anguillians rebelled and separated from the others in 1977. St. Kitts and Nevis achieved independence in 1983[]. It is the newest sovereign state in the Americas. In August 1998, a vote in Nevis on a
from St. Kitts fell short of the two-thirds majority needed. In late September 1998,
caused approximately $458,000,000 in damages and property and limited GDP growth for the year and beyond. Georges was the worst hurricane to hit the region during the 20th century.
, , is the official residence of the .
Government headquarters of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis is a sovereign, democratic and federal state. The , , is its . The Queen is represented in the country by a , who acts on the advice of the
and the Cabinet. The Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party of the House, and the cabinet conducts affairs of state. The country may also be described by the unofficial term, "", because it is a constitutional monarchy which shares the same monarch as fifteen other members of the .
St. Kitts and Nevis has a
legislature, known as the . It is composed of fourteen members: eleven elected Representatives (three from the island of ) and three Senators who are appointed by the . Two of the senators are appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister, and one on the advice of the leader of the opposition. Unlike in other countries senators do not constitute a separate
of parliament, but sit in the National Assembly alongside representatives. All members serve five-year terms. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are responsible to the Parliament.
Saint Kitts and Nevis has no major international disputes. Saint Kitts and Nevis is a full and participating member of the
The Charter of the OAS was signed in Bogota in 1948 and was amended by several Protocols which were named after the city and the year in which the Protocol was signed, such as Managua in 1993 forming part of the name of the Protocol.
St. Kitts & Nevis entered the OAS system on September 16, 1984.
The last Summits of the Americas, the seventh, was held in Panama City, Panama in 2015 with the eight summit being held in Lima, Peru in 2018 according to the website of the Summits of Americas.
Three Indigenous Leaders Summits of Americas (ILSA) have been held with three past Summits, which were: Canada, Argentina and Panama. It was the intention of the leaders to have this Summit within the framework of that which was held in Trinidad and Tobago in 2009.
The position of the OAS with respect to indigenous persons appears to be developing over the years. The following statements appear to capture the position of the OAS with respect to the ILSA as at December 2016 according to the website of the Summit of Americas: "The OAS has supported and participated in the organisation of Indigenous Leaders Summits of Americas (ILSA)," according to the OAS's website. "The most recent statement made by the Heads of State of the hemisphere was in the Declaration of Commitments of Port of Spain in 2009 - Paragraph 86".
The Draft American Declaration of the Rights of the Indigenous Persons appears to be a working document. The last "Meeting for Negotiations in the Quest for Consensus on this area appeared to be Meeting Number (18) eighteen and is listed as being held in May 2015 according to the website.
At a CARICOM Meeting, representative of St. Kitts & Nevis, Kennedy Simmons signed The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994 on the 6 July 1994.
The representatives of seven CARICOM countries signed similar agreements at Sherbourne Conference Centre, St. Michael, Barbados. The countries whose representatives signed the treaties in Barbados were: Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago.
This treaty covered taxes, residence, tax jurisdictions, capital gains, business profits, interest, dividends, royalties and other areas.
On June 30, 2014, St. Kitts & Nevis signed a Model 1 agreement with the United States of America in relation to
At April 28, 2016, the status of the agreement went to "In Force" according to the updated site on January 16, 2017.
Saint Kitts and Nevis has a defense force of 300 personnel. It is mostly involved in policing and drug-trade interception.
The federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis is divided into fourteen parishes: nine divisions on Saint Kitts and five on Nevis.
A map of Saint Kitts and Nevis
island from the southeastern peninsula of
The country consists of two main islands,
and . The highest peak, at 1,156 metres (3,793 ft), is
on St. Kitts.
The islands are of
origin, with large centr the steeper slopes leading to these peaks are mostly uninhabited. The majority of the population on both islands lives closer to the sea where the terrain flattens out. There are numerous rivers descending from the mountains of both islands, which provide fresh water to the local population. St. Kitts also has one small lake, a salt pond.
The national bird is the .
There are 176 species of birds.
By the , St. Kitts has a
( Aw) and Nevis has a
( Am). Mean monthly temperatures in Oranjestad varies little from 23.9 °C (75.0 °F) to 26.6 °C (79.9 °F). Yearly rainfall is approximately 2,400 millimetres (90 in), although it has varied from 1,356 millimetres (53.4 in) to 3,183 millimetres (125.3 in) in the period .
Climate data for Saint Kitts and Nevis ()
Daily mean °C (°F)
mm (inches)
Source: Climate Change Knowledge Portal
Downtown Basseterre, St. Kitts
12.3%, mixed race 5.3%,
5%, other 3.3%,
As of 2016, there were 54,821 their average life expectancy was 72.4 years. Emigration has historically been very high, so high that the total estimated population in 2007 was little changed from that in 1961.
Emigration from St. Kitts & Nevis to the United States:
Religion in Saint kitts and Nevis (2001)
Most inhabitants are Christians, mainly Anglicans and other Protestants. The
are pastorally served by the
(on ), while the
The , a popular production of folk theatre and music
English is the sole official language.
is also widely spoken.
Saint Kitts and Nevis is known for a number of musical celebrations including
(18 December to 3 January on Saint Kitts). The last week in June features the , while the week-long
on Nevis lasts from the end of July into early August.
Additional festivals on the island of Saint Kitts include Inner City Fest, in F , usually around Whit Monday in village of C , around Easter in village of Sandy P , in July or August in the village of T and , around Independence Day in Saint Kitts and Nevis (19 September), in the
region. These celebrations typically feature parades, street dances and , , ,
The 1985 film
was filmed in Saint Kitts.
is common in Saint Kitts and Nevis. Top players can be selected for the . The late
was from Nevis. Saint Kitts and Nevis was the smallest country to host
are also common in Saint Kitts and Nevis as well.
The , also known as the "Sugar Boyz", has experienced some international success in recent years, progressing to the semi-final round of qualification for the
region. Led by , they defeated the
before they were outmatched by Mexico, , and .
The St. Kitts and Nevis Billiard Federation, SKNBF, is the governing body for cue sports across the two islands. The SKNBF is a member of the Caribbean Billiards Union (CBU) with the SKNBF President Ste Williams holding the post of CBU Vice-President.
is the country's foremost track and field athlete. He has won gold medals in the
at both the
and , and at the
he was the country's first athlete to reach an Olympic final. He and three other athletes
in Beijing. The four by one hundred metre relay team won a bronze medal in the .
American writer and former
was granted
in an attempt to make the 2008 Summer Olympics representing St. Kitts and Nevis in women's . Her story was chronicled online at ESPN.com as a part of its E-Ticket feature entitled "So You Wanna Be An Olympian?" She ultimately failed to earn the necessary points for Olympic qualification.
St. Kitts and Nevis had two athletes ride in the time trial at the 2010 : Reginald Douglas and James Weekes.
The capital,
Saint Kitts and Nevis is a twin-island federation whose economy is characterised by its dominant tourism, agriculture and light manufacturing industries. Sugar was the primary export from the 1940s on, but rising production costs, low world market prices, and the government's efforts to reduce dependence on it have led to a growing diversification of the agricultural sector. In 2005, the government decided to close down the state-owned sugar company, which had experienced losses and was a significant contributor to the fiscal deficit.
Former sugar plantations dominate the St. Kitts landscape. Many of the cane fields are being burned to make room for land development, especially on the northern side of the island, in the parishes of Saint John Capisterre and Christchurch. The agricultural, tourism, export-oriented manufacturing, and offshore-banking sectors are being developed and are now taking larger roles in the country's economy. The growth of the tourism sector has become the main foreign exchange earner for Saint Kitts and Nevis. The country has also developed a successful apparel assembly industry and one of the largest electronics assembly industries in the Caribbean.
St. Kitts is dependent upon tourism to drive its economy. Tourism to the island has been expanding since 1978. In 2009 there were 587,479 arrivals to Saint Kitts compared to 379,473 in 2007. This growth represents an increase of just under 40% in a two-year period. As tourism grows the demand for vacation property increases in conjunction.
In hopes of expanding tourism, St. Kitts hosts its annual .
St Kitts & Nevis also acquires foreign direct investment from their citizenship by investment programme, outlined in their Citizenship Act of 1984. Interested parties can acquire citizenship if they pass the government's background checks and make an investment into an approved real estate development.
In July 2015, St Kitts & Nevis and the
signed a tax agreement to "promote international co-operation in tax matters through exchange of information." The agreement was developed by the OECD Global Forum Working Group on Effective Exchange of Information, which consisted of representatives from OECD member countries and 11 other countries in the Caribbean and other parts of the world.
Saint Kitts and Nevis has two international airports. The larger one is
on the island of
with service outside to the Caribbean, North America, and Europe. The other airport, , is located on the island of
and has flights to other parts of the Caribbean.
St. Kitts allows
to obtain the status of St. Kitts citizen by means of a government sponsored investment programme called Citizenship-by-Investment. Established in 1984, St. Kitts' citizenship programme is the oldest prevailing
programme of this kind in the world. However, while the programme is the oldest in the world, it only catapulted in 2006 when , a global citizenship advisory firm, became involved in the restructuring of the programme to incorporate donations to the country's sugar industry.
St. Kitts' Citizenship-by-Investment Programme offers multiple benefits. According to their official website: "When you acquire citizenship under the St. Kitts & Nevis citizenship programme, you and your family enjoy full citizenship for life, which can be passed on to future generations by descent. As citizens of St. Kitts & Nevis, you and your family are issued with
which allow visa-free travel to
territories worldwide, including all of the EU. Of course you have the right to take up residence in St. Kitts & Nevis as well as in most of the
member countries at any time and for any length of time".
Each candidate must go through several legal steps and make a qualifying investment into the country and should complete certain legal requirements to qualify for citizenship under the investment programme. There is a minimum investment that has to be made by the applicant, in either an approved real estate or in the
(a public charity), to qualify for the economic citizenship of St. Kitts & Nevis.
According to , the requirements are as follows:
An investment in designated real estate with a minimum value of USD 400,000, plus the payment of government fees and other fees and taxes
A contribution to the Sugar Industry Diversification Fund of at least USD 250,000, inclusive of all government fees but exclusive of due diligence fees which are the same for the real estate option
The latest data indicates an acceleration in property appreciation when comparing it to the Department of Inland Revenue's 2009 statistics.
There are eight publicly administered high and secondary level schools in St Kitts-Nevis, and several private secondary schools.
Basseterre High School (BHS)
Washington Archibald High School (WAHS)
Verchilds High School (VHS)
Saddlers Secondary School (SSS)
Charlestown Secondary School (CSS), Nevis
Gingerland Secondary School (GSS), Nevis
St Theresa's Convent School and St. Joseph's School, which merged in 2010 to form the Immaculate Conception Catholic School (ICCS) – kindergarten to Grade 11 (or 5th form) – the traditional Caribbean final secondary school grade
Lyn Jeffers Secondary School
Montesory Children's School
SKI Academy School
St Kitts and Nevis counts a cancer centre considered as a referral centre for the Eastern
located in Mount St. John Hospital in . This centre provides
citizens the opportunity to undertake
locally rather than travelling to the United States or United Kingdom. The whole project was managed by Dr.
from the beginning.
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