违法分包，设计劳务费用损失赔偿
熟悉商事法律诉讼与非讼业务，具有丰富诉讼、谈判实务经验，法律咨询：许律师
2014年，Z公司(甲方)与H公司(乙方)签订《上海市建设工程设计合同》，约定甲方将上海Z食品集团有限公司速冻食品制造项目交给乙方设计，暂定面积3,900平方米(一期工程)，设计内容及标准为本工程规划红线范围内的总平、建筑、结构、消防、给排水、电气、采暖空调通风、动力、冷冻、管道工程等专业的设计及工艺合作设计(只负责工艺翻图，不负责具体工艺设计)；……
　　2014年3月，马X机电设计团队(乙方)与H公司(甲方)签订《劳务协议书》，约定甲方委托乙方负责“上海Z食品集团有限公司早餐食品生产加工及物流配送中心”项目工程(即本案涉案工程)电气、给排水及暖通专业设计部分；设计内容和规模为：1某厂房、办公楼、生产辅助房、售楼中心、综合楼、小型厂房、锅炉房，总建筑面积为48,396平方米；乙方应严格按照相关专业设计规范与规定设计，配合审图公司审核通过，确保无整改单，配合施工直至竣工，具体工作由甲方安排工作，整个劳务协议过程中，乙方都应以甲方员工的名义出席甲方所有的会议等；设计范围为从方案报批结束到工程竣工，设计劳务费按照每个专业1元每平方米计算，以实际专业建筑面积为准；付款进度为：审图完成并无整改单，甲方付款60%，按照甲方要求完成施工服务，直至竣工，甲方付款剩余40%；若建筑平面有重大调整，甲方应支付乙方相应的修改费，费用由双方协商。
　　上海东方工程咨询有限公司(即合同约定的审图公司)对涉案工程进行审查，建筑总平面图专业、给排水专业、暖通专业、电气专业、结构专业等均审查合格，并于2014年8月26日出具《审查合格书》。
　　原告与H公司均认可原告不具备相应资质，原告与H公司之间的《劳务协议书》无效。原告明确劳务费损失240,382.17元，一期工程建筑面积49,072平方米的三个专业的设计费用，再加上1某厂房生产火灾类别，需要额外计算31,055.39平方米的三个专业的设计费用。原告仅主张一期工程的设计费用，二期工程的设计费本案不主张。
　　原告为证明涉案工程的三个专业为其制作，提交2014年3月至8月原告方设计人员与张瑜(原告称张瑜是H公司的工作人员)的QQ聊天记录。聊天内容为涉案工程的三个专业的设计形成过程，聊天记录的附件中含有设计图草稿；聊天记录显示，设计过程中，有许多的设计更改，其中包括1某厂房的设计类别有过变动(“经过甲方多轮与审图公司沟通，审图公司还是不同意主厂房的生产火灾类别为戊类，必须按丙类设计”)。H公司否认QQ聊天记录的真实性，但不申请鉴定该电子证据是否被篡改。经法院释明H公司如果不申请鉴定，要承担相应不利后果，H公司仍不申请鉴定。H公司承认有工作人员叫张瑜，但否认其工作人员张瑜参与了聊天。
　　根据法院要求，原告提交了三个专业的设计图的电子版，H公司提交了送交审图公司的设计图的电子版，经当事人自行比对内容一致。H公司辩称，图纸完成后要交给很多单位，原告可能从其他途径获取该图纸。
　　涉案工程尚未竣工。原告表示在施工刚开始阶段配合过消防检查，但因H公司拒付设计费，后来原告就没有再配合了；按照行业惯例，审图完成应当付到总工程款的90%，剩余10%的款项是解释图纸等工作，所以H公司至少需要付90%的劳务费。H公司表示施工过程中，原告没有进行过配合。
　　以上事实，由经庭审质证的《上海市建设工程设计合同》、《劳务协议书》、QQ聊天记录、原告提交的设计图(电子版)、H公司提交的设计图(电子版)、《审查合格书》等证据及当事人陈述在案佐证，本院予以确认。
　　本院认为，从事建设工程设计的单位应当依法取得相应等级的资质证书，并在其资质等级许可的范围内承揽工程。设计单位不得转包或者违法分包所承揽的工程。H公司将涉案工程的三个专业设计分包给原告，原告没有相应资质。本案原告与H公司签订的《劳务协议书》应属无效。
　　H公司辩称原告未履行《劳务协议书》，涉案工程的三个专业设计是H公司自己做的，本院不予采信。首先，《劳务协议书》中约定的设计内容与H公司送交审图公司的设计内容一致，原告提交的设计图也与H公司送交审图公司的设计图相同。其次，H公司否认QQ聊天记录的真实性，经法院释明后仍拒绝就QQ聊天记录是否被篡改申请鉴定，应由H公司承担不利后果。原告长达数月的聊天记录反映了涉案工程的三个专业设计图的形成过程，与原告的陈述能够相互印证。综上，本院认为原告涉案工程的三个专业设计是原告方的人员做的，且相关设计已经通过审图公司的审核。
　　合同无效或者被撤销后，因该合同取得的财产，应当予以返还；不能返还或者没有必要返还的，应当折价补偿。原告方的人员已经投入的劳务，不能返还，H公司应当补偿原告方人员的劳务费损失。首先，虽然涉案工程三个专业的设计已经通过审图公司的审核，但是施工过程中至工程竣工前仍需要设计人员给予相应的配合，《劳动协议书》中约定的义务，原告尚未完全履行完毕。其次，即便存在原告所述的1某厂房设计类别变更，但变更前的设计并未通过审图公司的审核。再次，合同无效，原告自身也有过错。因此，原告要求参照原合同约定的标准全额计算劳务费损失，本院难以支持。本院结合现有证据，酌定H公司支付原告劳务费损失12万元。原告要求Z公司承担连带责任，缺乏依据，本院不予采纳。
　　综上，依据依照《中华人民共和国合同法》第五十二条第(五)项、第五十八条、《建设工程质量管理条例》第十八条之规定，判决如下：
　　一、被告上海H建筑设计有限公司应于判决生效之日起十日内支付原告马X设计劳务费损失12万元；
　　二、驳回原告马X的其他诉讼请求。
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&&本文根据收入的定义及分类,提出勘察设计单位收入的确认原则,国家税务总局下发了国税函[号通知,就有关勘察设计单位对劳务分包部分收入的计税问题进一步明确,对勘察设计单位将承担的勘察设计劳务分包或转包给其他勘察设计单位或个人并由其统一收取价款的,以其取得的勘察设计总包收入减去支付给其他勘察单位或个人的勘察设计费后的余额计征营业税。笔者对勘察设计单位的劳务分包收入分为二种情况进行账务处理。
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求助房开企业售楼处发生的装修费用、家俱、办公费用是否可以计入开发成本
春季促销报名
CMA获得政府及各大企业集团一致推荐
会计越老，越容易被淘汰
财务职场，变迁太快?
Excel知名公众号作者
随书扫码看视频学Excel
向高手求助，房开企业的售楼处发生的装修、家俱、办公费用是否可以计入开发成本中。
应根据核算对象处理。可参考税总回复
房地产企业单独修建的售楼部等营销设施费，在土地增值税清算中如何扣除？&&
发布日期：日& && && && &来源 : 国家税务总局纳税服务司&&
字体：【大】【中】【小】
　　问：房地产企业单独修建的售楼部、样板房等营销设施费，在土地增值税清算中如何扣除？
　　答：房地产企业单独修建的售楼部、样板房等营销设施费，应分不同情况处理：
　　一、房地产企业在开发小区内、主体外修建临时性建筑物作为售楼部、样板房的，其发生的设计、建造、装修等费用，应计入房地产销售费用扣除。售楼部、样板房内的资产，如空调、电视机等资产性购置支出不得在销售费用中列支。
　　二、房地产企业在主体内修建临时售楼部、样板房的，其发生的设计、建造、装修等费用，建成后有偿转让的，应计算收入并准予扣除。
　　三、房地产企业利用规划配套设施（如：会所、物业管理用房），发生的售楼部、样板房的设计、建造、装修等费用，按以下原则处理：1.建成后产权属于全体业主所有的，其成本、费用可以扣除。2.建成后无偿移交给政府、公用事业单位用于非营利性社会公共事业的，其成本、费用可以扣除。3.建成后有偿转让的，应计算收入，并准予扣除成本、费用。
& & 热点问题答案谨供参考，具体执行以法律、法规、规章和规范性文件的规定为准。
实践中处理如下：
1、你的售楼处如果是租的，进“销售费用”；
2、如果是项目主体内的建筑，进“开发成本”。
房地产企业在开发小区内、主体外修建临时性建筑物作为售楼部、样板房的，其发生的设计、建造、装修等费用，应计入房地产销售费用扣除。售楼部、样板房内的资产，如空调、电视机等资产性购置支出不得在销售费用中列支。
按照新企业所得税：进“开发间接费--临时设施费--装修等”
可以在土地增值税中扣除
售楼处发生装修费用按新所得税条例应为：开发成本—开发间接费用—营销设施建造费，这样做对土地增值税也有好处
税中望月解读之售楼部模式不同会计处理有异
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随着近期极低的过会率，每家过会企业被发审委委员拿放大镜去观察，并形成详细的反馈报告。针对这些报告如何有效去解读，是否只是表面所说的那些bug，嘉宾根据自己的观察思考来针对进行详细的解读。本活动由元年云快报支持举办。
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单位支付给分包商的人工费，计入什么会计科目？谢谢
我有更好的答案
如你是施工企业借：工程施工-合同成本-人工费
贷：应付职工薪酬
借：应付职工薪酬—分包人工费
贷：库存现金/银行存款
借：管理费用--劳务费
贷：银行存款
借：劳务成本 贷：应付职工薪酬
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[Edit this paragraph] 1. DVD born
1, support MP4, DVD, VCD, MP3, CD player format
2, compatible with DVD-R, DVD-RW, CD-R, CD-RW CD-ROM media
3, to provide USB / SD port / card reader, supports a wide range of storage
4, long 45 seconds ESP electronic shock absorber system
5, large LCD screen LCD Display / Digital Clock
6, high / low electronic control
7, enhanced output, strengthen Bass
8, infra-red remote control
9, such as loudness control
10, high-quality digital FM / AM tuner
11, high-power four-channel power amplifier FET 45W × 4
12, straight into the front panel disc
The full name of DVD, in the early days of the birth of the Digital Video Disc (digital video discs), now known as &Digital Versatile Disc&, or &digital versatile discs& is a CD / LD / VCD / EVD product of the follow-up. DVD from the second half of 1994 to the preliminary specifications of the prototype in early 1996 appeared only more than a year, is developing rapidly and is recognized as a new generation of entertainment industry-standard memory technology. Moreover, the computer industry's response to its very positive.
The early nineties, the U.S. film production industry advisory committee drafted a representative of the seven major Hollywood studios of the aspirations of the book, one of which is to be recorded on a CD in a standard length (135 minutes) video programs, and requested that LD is higher than the image and sound quality. VCD to know only the image resolution of 352 × 240 (NTSC format) or 352 × 288 (PAL standard), it is clear from the video performance will not be able to meet those requirements. In view of the Hollywood film and television group in the world the influence of the entertainment industry, hardware manufacturers also began a new effort, it can be said this is the cause of the development of DVD.
The spring of 1994, the seven major Hollywood film company Warner, Colombia, 20th Century Fox, Paramount, Universal, UA, MGM, Walt Disney and Viacom formed an organization - &HDVA Group&, taking into account the number of The high-definition television will be universal in the family gradually, the family of high-quality digital video will have great market potential, then the joint initiative.
At the same time, MPEG working group in 1991, also developed MPEG-2 compression coding schemes under the same resolution than MPEG-1 compression much higher quality (the average compression ratio of about 1:40) However, if the use of high-resolution (and later DVD's resolution is 720 × 480 [NTSC format] and 720 × 576 [PAL format] of the resolution), storage capacity of media to be even greater, a higher data rate (per second highest near 10Mb, while the VCD only 1.15Mb). However, the premise was to take care of the existing equipment and CD discs can be used, while the use of the MPEG-1 standard. To the use of MPEG-2 standard requires the development of greater capacity and a new CD-ROM reading and recording equipment, so the development of large-capacity optical disk system to become the top priority.
December 1994, Philips and Sony-led camp, with Toshiba and Time Warner began a campaign led by the dispute over DVD specifications until December 1995, film and computer in the United States strongly urged to finally reach a unified standard.
September 15, 1995 for the DVD is a key day, the two camps finally reached agreement on unified DVD standard. At the last minute, Sony has made significant concessions on the key, she gave up the structure of their own CD-ROM, Toshiba agreed to take more advanced and original double-disc CD-ROM docking structure, and Toshiba are the corresponding data signal modulation, processing technology to the rich part of the CD production and development experience of the Sony compromise.
[Edit this paragraph] 2. DVD Forum
DVD Forum, this DVD set up shortly after the birth of the organization is the development of DVD has a major impact on the industry as it is the only official DVD. In theory, any DVD-related standards and must go through its approval. Called the DVD Forum DVD Forum, established in April 1997, the predecessor is the end of 1995, the DVD set up Union (DVD Consortium) 10 DVD from the composition of the main manufacturers, also known as 10C, to the Chinese DVD manufacturers charged patent that they -- - Hitachi, Matsushita, Mitsubishi, Philips, Pioneer, Sony, Thomson, Time - Warner, Toshiba and JVC. In this paper, when the deadline, DVD Forum, a total of 212 member companies, and currently three other major research and development of DVD recorders / Promotion Organization - RWPPI, RDVDC, DVD + RW Alliance members have all the basic are the DVD Forum members, Therefore, it is a DVD of the development of the most influential organizations in the industry is not an exaggeration.
[Edit this paragraph] 3. Physical structure
The most common DVD, that is, single-sided single-layer DVD data capacity of about 7 times the VCD, because DVD and VCD is to use the same technology to read the hidden information in the CD-ROM film (optical reading technology ), but as a result of DVD optical read head generated by the smaller spot (to be read the original 0.85μm spot size down to 0.55μm), therefore in the same area the size of the disc (DVD and VCD of the appearance of the size of is the same), DVD data storage density can be improved, in other words, DVD data capacity enhancement can be said that thanks to advances in optical read head thanks.
Disc diameter: 120 mm
Disc thickness: 0.6 mm / side
Laser wavelength: 635-650 nm
Numerical aperture: 0.6
Optical channel spacing: 0.74 μm
Bump minimum pit length: 0.4 μm
The length of error-correcting codes: RS-PC
Modify signal modulation: 8-16
The utilization of disc surface: 86.6 square centimeters
Number of bytes per sector:
bytes / sector
[Edit this paragraph] 4. DVD Category
There are five or DVD format DVD-VIDEO (film format and can be divided into PC format), DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RAM, DVD-AUDIO
DVD-Video for watching movies and other visual entertainment. If using double-sided and each side and double-decker, with a total capacity of 17GB.
DVD-ROM and DVD Video basic skills, but it contains computer-compatible file format. Used to store data.
DVD-R capacity is 4.7GB. Actually created for professional and general users to use the two versions. Users to write DVD-R only once.
DVD-RAM This makes DVD a virtual hard disk can be used to random access. The original drive is a 2.6GB capacity can be increased to one side 4.7GB. Can be rewritten 100,000 times.
DVD-RW similar to DVD-RAM, but the use of the order of reading - write access, like DVD-R instead of the hard disk. Each side of the time - to write the capacity of 4.7GB. Can be rewritten 1000 times.
DVD-Audio up-to-date than the standard CD audio format for the fidelity of a good double.
[Edit this paragraph] 5. DVD-Video area code
DVD Union according to geographic regions around the world is divided into 1-6 areas, and each and every DVD player a DVD will be locked in a certain area can only play (depending on the sale of products of the region corresponding to the locked area code ). For example: Taiwan belongs to the first 3 areas, so you are in the United States (belonging to Zone 1) to buy the DVD movie you will not be able to use to buy in Taiwan to play the player, that is, encrypted video player must be encrypted (No. 1 District No. 1 movie with the player area, Area 2 of the video with the No. 2 player area.) you can watch videos smoothly! region code list of the world is divided into the following six areas: [Note: production mainland player can support most of the six areas]
First District: United States, Canada, East Pacific Islands area.
Zone II: Japan, Europe, West Asia, Arabian Peninsula, Egypt, South Africa, Greenland.
Third District: Taiwan, South Korea, East Asia.
Fourth District: Central and South America, Australia, New Zealand, the South Pacific island.
Fifth District: Africa, Indian subcontinent, Central Asia, Mongolia, the former Soviet Union region.
Sixth District: Mainland China.
[Edit this paragraph] 6. DVD disc specifications
The type of surface layer capacity
Read Only Standard Definition
DVD-Video/DVD-ROM 1 1 4.7GB (DVD-5)
DVD-Video/DVD-ROM 1 2 8.5GB (DVD-9)
DVD-Video/DVD-ROM 2 1 9.4GB (DVD-10)
DVD-Video/DVD-ROM 2 2 17.0GB (DVD-18)
Read Only High Definition
Blu-ray (BD-ROM) 1 1 25.0GB
Blu-ray (BD-ROM) 1 2 50.0GB
HD DVD-ROM 1 1 15.0GB
HD DVD-ROM 1 2 30.0GB
Write Once Standard Definition
DVD-R (A) 1 1 4.7GB
DVD-R (G) 1 1 4.7GB
DVD-R (G) 2 1 9.4
GB DVD-R DL 1 2 8.5GB
DVD + R 1 1 4.7GB
DVD + R DL 1 2 8.5GB
Write Once High Definition
Blu-ray (BD-R) 1 1 25.0GB
Blu-ray (BD-R) 1 2 50.0GB
HD DVD-R 1 1 15.0GB
HD DVD-R 1 2 30.0GB
[Edit this paragraph] 7. DVD security
DVD-Video using the Content Scrambling System approach to data protection, but the program as a result of leakage from a projection of all the key may have been the key to break the DVD John. DVD-Audio uses Content Protection for Prerecorded Media way of data protection, as a result of the program after the leak in a key where the key group to exclude from the legitimate key, it is better security.
[Edit this paragraph] 8. DVD recording
DVD burner of the development process
Speaking of DVD burner in the development process, we can not fail to mention the birth of DVD and standards established. English DVD called &Digital Versatile Disc&, or &digital versatile discs& is a CD / LD / VCD of the follow-up products. Preliminary specifications from the beginning of 1996 the DVD launch of the first prototype took only a year's time, is recognized as a new generation of storage technology standards.
DVD of the birth and establishment of standards, and the rapid development of the entertainment industry is directly related to its predecessors, CD-ROM and VCD discs are breeding and therefore Health. The media giant's ever-increasing demands of the hardware manufacturers to stimulate the development of a new DVD.
Note: the early nineties, the U.S. film production industry advisory committee drafted a representative of the seven major Hollywood studios of the aspirations of the book, one of which is to be recorded on a CD in a standard length (135 minutes) video programs, and requested that LD is higher than the image and sound quality (in mid-1990 to this request, an official has been identified in 1994). VCD at a time when the image resolution is only 352 × 240 (NTSC format) or 352 × 288 (PAL format), video performance is far from sufficient to meet those requirements.
December 16, 1994, Sony released the first &single-sided double-12CM (5.25 inch) high-density multimedia CD format and technology indicators&, referred to as multi-media CD-ROM system (MMCD, Multi Media Compact Disc), which is DVD technical specifications first. At the beginning of the birth of the DVD, it is full of competition, Sony - Philips Group MMCD (single-sided double-layer structure) and Toshiba's SD (two-sided double-layer structure) engaged in a fierce fighting, although the final reconciliation between the two parties, But the struggle did not end completely, but has been extended to the DVD recorder between the specifications!
As the CD recording technology has been very mature, and therefore achieve very realistic DVD burner. In the first DVD burner, before the birth, a vigorous dispute over the standard DVD burner began!
To understand this complex dispute over DVD recording standards, first of all, can not fail to mention the birth of a DVD shortly after the establishment of the development of the DVD is the DVD has a significant impact on the only official organization: DVD Forum. This was established in April 1997 of the DVD Societies (DVD Consortium) 10 DVD from the composition of the main manufacturers, also known as 10C, to the Chinese DVD manufacturers charged patent that they - Hitachi, Matsushita, Mitsubishi, Philips, Pioneer, Sony, Thomson, Time - Warner, Toshiba and JVC. At present, three other major research and development of DVD recorders / Promotion Organization - RWPPI, RDVDC, DVD + RW Alliance members have all the basic are the members of the DVD Forum.
In theory, any DVD-related standards and must go through its approval. However, after the unification of DVD specifications, DVD Forum DVD burner does not have a unified standard, and its organization is not a mandatory.
In the DVD standards battle in the failure of the Philips and Sony Corporation in 1996 as soon as the formal launch of DVD, it can not wait for the development of recordable DVD, and Hewlett-Packard co-founded with the DVD + RW Alliance, it is the DVD + RW DVD + R with the norm-makers. At the same time, Pioneer is also produced in 1997 its recordable DVD technology - DVD-R, as well as after the DVD-RW, as a result of market-oriented and mainstream DVD Video DVD-RAM is an important supplement to the weaknesses, Therefore, the rapid adoption of the DVD Forum's certification, as the official designation of non-DVD data storage applications recordable DVD standards (DVD-R and DVD-RAM at the same time through the DVD Forum). This, DVD recording technology on the emergence of three categories, five kinds of norms (DVD-RAM, DVD-R/RW, DVD + R / RW), recordable DVD standard the following is the development of the summary table:
1996 DVD-ROM, DVD-Video
1997 DVD-RAM (Ver1.0; 2.6GB) DVD-R (Ver1.0; 3.95GB)
1998 DVD-R (Ver1.9; 4.7GB)
1999 DVD-Audio DVD-RAM (Ver2.0; 4.7GB) DVD-RW (Ver1.0; 4.7GB) DVD + RW (3.0GB)
2000 DVD-RAM (Ver2.1; 4.7GB) DVD-R (Ver2.0; 4.7GB / writer type)
DVD-R (Ver2.0; 4.7GB / Universal) DVD-RW (Ver1.1; 4.7GB)
DVD + RW (Ver0.9; 4.7GB)
2001 DVD + RW (Ver1.0; 4.7GB)
DVDMulti (Ver0.9)
DVDMulti (Ver1.0)
DVD + RW (Ver1.1; 4.7GB)
2002 DVD + R (Ver1.0; 4.7GB)
Relatively speaking, DVD + RW is the most advantage of the three standards, which move in the recording and music video media better than DVD-RW, along with Microsoft's involvement is a huge market potential is likely achievements of a unified standard DVD recorder. However, in a variety of factors, the three different standards are basically a &separation of the three& situation.
The two competing, incompatible formats, all strive to become the industry standard, the two formats can store video and data, but are not compatible to the users and the confusion which products to buy, so the market At the same time, there was support for both formats of DVD burner. In order to win the support of more users, more and more are also compatible with other DVD specifications. This represented a BenQ DW800A. Some明基特disc through易容术- Book Type Management &, can easily burn out the DVD + R / RW disc to change the parameter declaration format for DVD-ROM, CD-ROM or DVD regardless of the family DVD player can easily read out, the compatibility of 99%.
Specifications on the DVD recorder continues to quarrel, and since May 2001, the Netherlands, Philips launched the global market to the first DVD Recorder - DVDR1000, more and more manufacturers of optical storage quickly follow-up rate of new product development to accelerate, with the expansion of production capacity, DVD burner to the reason the prices are moving. At the end of 2003, BenQ DW400A below 1,000 mark, a DVD burner perfect storm of mass popularity started. This is also confirmed in May 2001 in the global market the first DVD burner predicted at the time of the official birth: not two years, DVD will be audio-visual life of the people rule!
Mainstream DVD burner specifications
DVD-RAM using Phased-changed Dual technology and partially from MO, with a capacity of at least 2.58GB, to a maximum of 4.7GB. DVD-RAM earlier been a mechanical protection, and users must not even shell and Add DVD-RAM read and write DVD-RAM write data to the device. The latter has been developed under another shell in addition to the DVD-RAM, but still need to write data before its shell. At present, the double-sided DVD-RAM has lowered the choice of shell. The first generation of DVD-RAM at launch in June 1998, one year after the launch of version 2.0, capacity has been upgraded to 4.7GB, Panasonic and Hitachi were launched in 1999 to support the DVD-RAM of DVD-ROM.
DVD-R just like CD-R, like the use of organic dyes are made of the method, the majority of readers and DVD players support DVD-R, the beginning of the DVD-R capacity is only 3.95GB, late expanded to 4.7GB , early DVD-R is divided into two categories: DVD-R (G) and DVE-R (A), DVD-R (A) is for the professional market, the use of 635-nm laser to write data, as early as in 1997, 10 PIONEER months from the introduction of version 1.0, in May 1999 until the introduction of 4.7G DVD-R (A) 1.9 version
Features: DVD-R (A) can not write to recordable DVD-R (G), contrary to DVD-R (G) burner can not write DVD-R (A)
DVD-RW formerly known as DVD-R / W, 1999 on 12 years in Japan Pioneer's DVD-RW home video recorder. DVD-RW as CD-RW, as can be rewritten more than 1,000 times. DVD-RW and DVD-R using the same Track Pitch, Mark Length and RotationControl, all Pioneer, Sharp and Zenith's DVD function to read DVD-RW. DVD-RW discs have three, 1.0 version of the DVD-RW in Japan, a country other than the very few opportunities to find the most important thing is this type of DVD-RW compatibility is not high. 1.1 version of the DVD-RW joined the Pre-Recorded Lead-in technology to improve compatibility. Finally, a DVD-RW 1.1 is the B version, B version contains a unique ID, can copy protected DVD-ROM. Three kinds of DVD-RW is the capacity of 4.7GB. .
Characteristics: the advantages of good compatibility, ability to DVD video format to save data, you can play on the player. Format need to spend an hour and a half hours.
DVD + R is write once DVD + RW's variant, DVD + R and the staining method is very similar to DVD-R, DVD + R is therefore also compatible with part of the DVD-R.
Features: DVD + R can be written into the data format CLV.
DVD + RW rewriting technology CD-RW based on the above, some available by the end of 2001. Philips, SONY, HP, Dell, Ricoh and Yamaha support DVD-RW, DVD + RW burner can read DVD-ROM and CD-ROM, can also read DVD-R and DVD-RW, but can not read DVD-RAM. In contrast, most of the DVD-ROM and DVD players can read DVD + RW.
DVD + RW burner to burn DVD + RW in addition to, but also can burn CD-R and CD-RW. DVD + RW the existing capacity of each side of 4.7GB, the early 1.0 versions, each side is only 2.8GB, and are not compatible with the majority of players and DVD-ROM.
Characteristics: ease of use, but also increased the CD-ROM DVD-RW compatibility, that can be started from the recording format in the background, so a minute later to start recording data. DVD + RW recordable disc formats to support the two, namely, Sequential Video Acess CLV format, as well as the CLV format Random Acess. No longer support DVD-R and DVD-RW disc specifications
DVD Multi / DVD Dual
DVD Multi and DVD Dual in the above-mentioned specifications is derived from the product. DVD DUAL beyond the burner DVD + RW or DVD-RW recording the threshold of a single specification, can burn DVD + RW and DVD-RW disc DVD two specifications, and as a result of recording with the flexibility of chip design, Even after the royalty or as a result of two trends in the specifications resulting from changes in the design can be flexibly adjusted in order to avoid the duplication of resources and the development of a waste of time.
DVD Multi features: integration of DVD-R/RW and DVD-RAM
DVD Dual features: integrated DVD + R / RW and DVD-R/RW
List of DVD recording technology
Lossless link (lossless join) technology
缓存欠载running when burning (buffer under run) or body tremors (vibration) and other system problems, Lossless Link will be activated and temporarily stop burning, burning at the same time will break their own record. When the data flow back to normal when the last extension of the location of entry continue to burn. Its recording of the gap between breakpoints and was controlled at less than 1 micron, sufficient to ensure the quality of recording.
Buffer Underrun (end of rejection) technology
Buffer Underrun end piece of waste burning technology, the full protection of the quality of disc recording, while cooling holes will be designed to facilitate the hot air exhaust, to avoid high temperature inside the machine and the machine itself or on CD adverse impact. CD-ROM not only the stability of its operation, but also to ensure a good quality recording.
Tilt control technology
Tilt control is called &chi laser guided& technology, its role is to adjust the laser to read and write their own power, in order to protect the consistency of disc burning process. Under ideal circumstances, the disc spindle motor and the burner should remain vertical to 90 degrees.
The actual recording operation, as a result of their own choice of disc burning different materials, processes and other reasons, can cause burn to disk from the outside in different angle of inclination, which in turn leads to the disc surface conduction of laser power fluctuations have . And equipped with laser guided technology Moses burner, you can operate under the disc, as well as the status of quality, intelligent adjustment of laser power, thus ensuring consistency throughout the recording process.
Defect management technology
Defect management system known as intelligent error correction technology, its role is a defective CD-ROM part of the effective detection, if it is found that the problem will be the point they recorded. Read and burn discs in the process, the recorder records automatically skip these regions, so as to ensure the quality of load, as well as burn. Even if inadvertently so consumers use less of the quality of the disc, there was no need for the disk or burn读不出to worry about poor performance.
Quick Background Formatting technology quick format
This is the DVD + RW burner unique technology, compared to DVD-RW burner to burn must be completed before the entire disc format (time 20-30 minutes), DVD + RW recorder can be fast background formatting functions to be placed in the recording disc burner, the disc automatically in the background of the rapid format, if the Add CD-ROM burner at the same time can also be started at the same time, do not have to wait until the whole complete disc format began to burn again.
Mt.Rainier Technology
In some CD-RW is also the addition of this technology, Mt.Rainier (drag and drop burning) is in the hard drive directly through the mouse drag operation does not require complex software to achieve the purpose of recording, so that work and the hard disk recorder as simple as copying files and user-friendly.
Interface type
Optical storage drives and drive interface is the physical link to the host system, it is the drive to the computer from the data transmission channels, different interface also determines the drive with the speed of data transmission systems. At present, optical storage products connected with the system interface of the type:
ATA / ATAPI interface
USB interface
IEEE1394 interface
SCSI interface
Parallel interface
The earliest use of the optical storage products are also a number of dedicated interfaces, such as Sony, Mitsumi, Panasonic and other drive makers, have been developed and drive the company-specific interface. Such interfaces are not compatible between each other, such as SONY is the 34-core interface, while the Panasonic is the core of the interface 40. Therefore, such a dedicated interface requires additional hardware support, such as random card attached to the driver. In addition, some sound card like Sound Blaster, Pro Audio Spectrum are also integrated this kind of card-specific CD-ROM interface. As a result of poor compatibility, the current of such a drive has been extremely rare.
Installation
Optical storage for the two types of external and internal, built-in is installed on the host computer itself, external interface is connected through an external host.
DIY built-in market is the most common types of optical storage products, almost all production of optical storage manufacturers have built-in ATA / ATAPI interface products
External optical storage products are mainly aimed at users who need to move the work, more emphasis on mobility, to be inferior in performance to the built-in optical drive. Its data transmission rate is subject to restrictions on the external interface. And based on the demand for portability, optical storage products, external size, weight are subject to constraints in the domestic market, the performance of external optical storage products to well below the built- and performance in the professional market with the built-in basic and fairly, However, a significant discount and portability, and price is much higher than the built-in.
Maximum speed DVD burner
The market functions of DVD burner to burn the highest attainable speed of 16 speed, for 2 ~ 4 of the burn rate of speed per second data transfer capacity of 2.76M ~ 5.52MB, burn a DVD disc of 4.7GB takes about 15 to 27 and 8-speed to burn only need 7-8 minutes, only to burn a CD-R's a little slow, but taking into account the amount of data recording, 8-speed of write speed has reached a high level. DVD burning speed of DVD burner to buy the primary factor, if sufficient funds, as far as possible, choose the high-speed DVD burner
DVD read speed of the largest
DVD read speed is the largest optical storage products refers to read DVD-ROM discs, the drive can achieve maximum speed. The speed DVD-ROM speed is defined. At present, DVD-ROM drives can read DVD maximum speed of 16X; DVD burner can achieve the maximum DVD read speed is 16X; currently Combo products in shopping malls in support of the largest DVD read speed 8 speed and 16 speed two.
Maximum speed of DVD replication
DVD replication is the speed of DVD burners in the corresponding specifications of the DVD burner to burn CD-ROM, stored on CD-ROM data, data erasure and its new data recorder to burn the maximum speed. Current standard of DVD burner to achieve the largest of the largest DVD replication rate of 4-speed, that is, per second of about 5.4MB / s speed
DVD average seek time
Average seek time is a measure of optical storage products, an important indicator refers to optical storage products to find a CD-ROM can be read at the data in the Regional Road, the average time spent, unit is ms average seek time is the purchase of optical storage One of the key parameters of products, a faster average seek time to provide higher data transmission speed.
The speed of optical storage products has been improved, the lower the speed of data transmission problems are better resolved, but after the speed upgrade has brought a number of other new problems. High-speed rotating disc prone to vibration, noise, resulting in greater heat, which will shake it more difficult to position the laser head, is bound to lead to longer seek time. Increase in drive speed, the laser head of the drive mechanism and positioning system has been in development so as to protect at the same time improving the speed and reduce seek time. The first generation of single-speed CD-ROM average seek time for 400ms, and the latest speed of 40 ~ 56 optical storage products, seek time for 80 ~ 100ms, the speed has been greatly improved. Burners in general than the average seek time CD-ROM average seek time is longer, the shorter average seek time, representatives of optical storage can provide faster data transmission, better performance will show a continuous transmission.
Buffer capacity
Optical storage drives with an internal buffer or cache memory. These buffers are the actual memory chips installed in the drive circuit board, which send data to the PC may be prepared prior to or even greater data storage segment. CD / DVD buffer size of a typical 128KB, but specific可大可小drive (usually better). Recordable CD or DVD drives usually have more than 2MB-4MB buffer capacity to prevent缓存欠载(buffer underrun) error, at the same time work can burn steady, constant write. In general, the faster the drive, there is more buffer memory to handle the higher transmission rate.
CD / DVD drive with a buffer or cache with many advantages. PC buffer can guarantee a fixed rate of receiving data. When an application requests data from the drive, the data may be scattered at different places on CD-ROM. Because the drive is relatively slow access speed, read in the data would have to drive to the PC send data间隔性. Buffer drives under the control of the software in advance and be prepared to read the contents of CD-ROM directory, thus speeding up the first data request.
CD-ROM to read the rules of data is one of the first find in the cache, if not found in the cache to the CD-ROM only to find, high-capacity cache data can be read in advance the more practical application in the CD-ROM , DVD-ROM, such as read operation, read the opportunity to repeat the information is relatively small, most of the CD more often is a large number of documents to read, so in the CD-ROM, DVD-ROM the importance of drive cache is not reflected, so the use of such products are mostly smaller cache capacity. CD-ROM There are 128KB, 256KB, 512KB and DVD There are 128KB, 256KB, 512KB, only individual external DVD drive capacity using a larger cache.
COMMBO burner or in the products, the cache becomes very important. CD burning, the system will need to pre-burn data to a cache read, and then read the data from the cache to burn, and burn the data cache is a bridge between the disk. System in the transmission of data to the cache, the inevitable will happen pause transmission, such as a large number of small capacity in the recording file, the hard drive read speed is likely to not keep up the speed to burn, it will result in relief keep the data out of proportion to the input and output, if this state to continue for some time, it will lead to the data cache the full output, and the lack of input,缓存欠载at this time will result in errors, which would lead to failed to burn CD-ROM. Burner and therefore products COMMBO capacity will be larger cache capacity, and then carved with the anti-death technology, we will be able to set the probability of a bad moment to a minimum. At the same time, the coordination of data cache can speed data transmission to ensure stability and reliability.
Burner products generally have 2MB, 4MB, 8MB, COMBO products generally have 2MB, 4MB, 8MB of cache capacity, subject to the restrictions on manufacturing costs, the cache can not create enough. However, an appropriate amount of buffer capacity of optical storage, or choose one of the keys need to be considered.
Write mode
The production of different types of CD-ROM into the methods used are not the same, the current into the more commonly used methods are as follows:
Time to write disk (Disk At Once)
Way to write a disk (Disk At Once), generally abbreviated as DAO. The first to write a single disk write is the way to guide the district, data track, as well as export and they are one-time write, after writing a CD-ROM on the closure, even if this is not written into the disk of the recording can not write into the other data. When the boot sector written to the CD-ROM, there is no guidance in the area marked out for the next available address, so the CD-ROM will be regarded as closed, and then will not be able to write more data.
This mode is mainly used to write CD-ROM copy, the first complete recording of the entire CD-ROM. Its characteristics are copied from CD-ROM can source exactly the same disk. DAO can be easily written for the music CD, mixed, or specific types of data such as CD-ROM gap between tracks on CD-ROM replication, and to ensure that the data structures are identical with the gap length. It is worth mentioning that, as the DAO into the way the entire CD as a section to deal with, some small errors may lead to total loss the whole CD, so its data transmission, stability and performance drives higher requirements.
Write track (Track At Once)
Into the way the track (Track At Once), generally abbreviated as TAO, and the one-time write DAO different, TAO is a way to write many times. TAO is based on the write track for the units the way, in a write process to write all the tracks one by one, if more than one track, the track in the last write before the end of a track to write, and write a track do not shut down after the end of the section.
Because it is used to burn all tracks in this way, that is to burn the end of the previous track, the laser head should be closed, when recording the next track and then open. Therefore, in order to track TAO burn mode spacing between the cracks. If it is between the data track and audio track, then at intervals of 2-3 seconds, if the interval between tracks for two seconds. This is no impact to burn data CD-ROM.
To TAO write mode, you can choose not to close the section of track can be added later to the CD-ROM of this section, is generally used to burn music CD's, and CD-ROM of data is invalid. Not closed the section of music CD or CD can not play on VCD player, there is no section can be closed in the closure of burning software, shut down after the CD or VCD in the player has. TAO mode is mainly used in the production of CD-ROM or a combination of music, special types of optical discs.
Write section (Session At Once)
Way into the section (Session At Once), generally abbreviated as SAO. Such a write mode to burn only a section rather than the entire CD-ROM, CD-ROM space remaining can cont commonly used in multi-session CD-ROM production. The advantage of the type suitable for the production of CD-ROM Collection. But each time when recording a new section about to be occupied by about 13MB of disc space used to store the structure of the section, as well as a section of the connection information, and for the establishment to prepare for the next section. Section will therefore waste much more disc space.
Fast write (On The Fly)
Fast write mode (On The Fly), generally abbreviated as OTF. A very common way of writing, at an early stage, as the computer can not satisfy the requirements of computing speed, it can only burn the data before the use of pre-converted to ISO-9660 format of the Image File (image file), then we w the current processing speed of the computer can achieve full real-time conversion, such real-time data automatically converted to ISO-9660 format, and then called to the way writers write fast.
Write multi-section (Multi Session)
Multi-section writing mode (Multi Session), generally abbreviated as MS. Each recorder is only recording the process and the closure of a section, and the remaining space next to continue burning the next section. Therefore, there are a number of CD-ROM section, known as multi-session CD-ROM. If there is only one section of the CD, but CD-ROM has not been shut down, it could be a multi-session CD-ROM. In this way are used to burn data discs, is that do not facilitate a full disk刻满.
Write packet (Packet Writing)
Packet writing is a track written a number of times, it can be effective to reduce the waste of disk space to burn. Each packet using the four sectors, one for &entry& 2 for &left&, one used as a &link.& Fixed-size data can be reported, but also can be adjusted, but the majority of burner and burning software use fixed-size packets, which will in dealing with the file system more convenient and effective.Commonly used packet writing UDF (Universal Disk Format, all kinds of general-purpose disk) file system, but not until Windows2000 direct support packet writing or UDF file system, it is necessary to load special drivers.
Double-burner
Referred to the first double-layer recordable DVD discs to clarify the specifications. DVD discs recorded in accordance with the distinction between the way there are single-sided, single / double-layer and double-sided, single / double-layer specifications, so in accordance with different specifications, there will be a different capacity, therefore, according to the different capacity can be divided into four DVD specifications, which are DVD-5, DVD-9, DVD-10 and DVD-l8. At present the market is the more common DVD-5 and DVD-9 disc.
DVD-5 specification: single-sided single-layer, so the standard of the data record 4.7GB. Currently on the market in this specification most DVD discs, because the specifications for the production of the highest maturity. DVD-9 specifications: single-sided double-layer, that is, to a two-tier data layer, the middle of the folder into a semi-transparent reflective layer, so read the information on the second level when the DVD disc is no need to double face directly switch the laser to read the location of the first focusing on it. Theoretically, the volume of data records can be upgraded to 9.4GB, but the two-tier structure would interfere with the stability of the signal, so this is actually the maximum amount of information recorded can be achieved only 8.5GB.
Double-layer burning support means to support the function of single-sided double-layer DVD burner CD-ROM features, which is to support the DVD-9 specifications for the DVD burner to burn. Of course, in order to achieve the double-layer recording, in addition to the need for support from the burner, but also disc-burning software and support. With the broadband network and DV, DC, such as the popularity of digital products, it is the requirements for storage capacity has been growing. Internet to download movies, music, even if the 80G hard disk, it will soon be compressed to the limit, so that users in urgent need of a convenient, economic and media storage to free up hard disk space and memory more new things. The past, an ordinary CD recording disk can store about 700MB of data, can solve the basic needs of mass storage, but now the era of multimedia entertainment, a common DVD disc capacity is 7 times that of CD discs, very obvious advantages. Single-sided double-layer DVD burner is the latest model of DVD and DVD recording is the future trend of development of the ultimate single-sided double-layer DVD disc recording technology enables the storage capacity from 4.7GB to 8.5GB. The industry believes that increased capacity to burn more than simply raise the rate of more practical significance.
Front panel features
Front panel features refers to optical storage products in its front panel keys unlocked the cells and brought, CD player key, volume adjustment, headphone jack, as well as the mandatory air pop. Such subtle matters not commonly used, but can bring a lot of the convenience of users, the users should pay more attention to the details.
Firmware is the hardware in the curing of the software, optical storage is the Firmware on the drive to run the software instruction set, it is stored in a computer system hardware basic parameters, the lowest for the system, the most direct hardware control. Firmware functions somewhat similar to the motherboard BIOS, the same in the boot process, the system will first read its internal information to initialize the hardware devices so that the operating system to identify the hardware, as well as the operation of other software based on the most basic . Some manufacturers will be stored in the Firmware on the market with all kinds of CD-ROM data, mainly burner to burn the Firmware disk storage, in recordable disc when the detected current information, data and storage compared to take appropriate methods to burn.
　　Firmware是存储在硬件中的，其存储介质主要有ROM、PROM、EPROM、EEPROM和Flash Rom，现在的光储产品基本都使用可擦写的存储介质存储Firmware，便于用户刷新。 Flash Rom is based on an improvement in the EEPROM non-volatile storage medium, which write data in the &block& for the units, the block size set by the manufacturers since, and is based on byte EEPROM write for the units, so the Flash Rom write faster, and its advanced technology and ease of operation is very user-friendly firmware upgrade on its own. What specific storage medium, device manufacturers often are based on manufacturing costs, safety performance, the need for upgrades, equipment standards, such as the development and changes in the actual situation to a comprehensive consideration.
The importance of Firmware It goes without saying that the use of rewritable media is to be upgraded. Manufacturers can provide for Firmware upgrade Firmware in order to add more functionality or to improve its performance, or even to amend the mistake. Although some of the issues can be resolved by firmware software patches to make up for, but after all, is not as good as the firmware upgrade directly more reliable and easier. Therefore, the vast majority of manufacturers in the introduction of hardware products that can be used to upgrade the firmware design to provide a more flexible application.
Optical storage vendors will generally provide the necessary procedures for Firmware upgrade, you can directly go to its official website to download, the capacity of such procedures are small, generally less than一二百KB. Firmware upgrade most needed in a pure DOS environment. Attention does not mean that DOS window under Windows, but did not enter the Windows interface of the DOS operating environment before.
The use of skills
1, transfer power. Conditional opening drive can find a laser power adjustment knob, with a small flat screwdriver I school transfer power on many occasions, can burn up to date. Attention! If not conditions, skip this step, next. Do not blindly groping without authorization, or else at your peril.
2, cleaning head. To spend 10 yuan to buy a video shop street &VCD clean plate,& such as &clean disc VCD audio Sihai&, DVD, like cleaning. Self-cleaning disc with a low degree of industrial alcohol, applied in the brush on a clean plate. Add CD-ROM and then, put it a few times, cleaning plate cleaning times will be all over the place. Washed three times better, more head injuries. It is engraved with three times in the case of plate no.
3, summer cooling attention. DVD burner, especially high-temperature burning carved long, very hurt skinhead, skinhead even burned deformation, so that = suicide. Burner in my dying, in order to guarantee the quality of disc recording (data layers deep, to preserve a long time), a dish of every moment I have to open with an electric fan to blow the largest file-meng internal chassis. Because I work that the server is equivalent to opening up a heater, but also in the summer. Sitting on the computer side I have felt that the heat, let alone the internal hard drive chassis has been. That it is also a great test ah pressure.
4, for the disc. The use of high reflectivity disc quality brands such as Pioneer's Pioneer, Verbatim, Mitsubishi, TDK, etc..
5, low-speed recording. The most commonly used now are 4X burn the disk, does not matter, God in order to ensure the success rate from consumption. 4X玩不转, Our 2X, not to strong on the 1X.
6, if all of the above methods靠谱not for you, then you put DVD burner CD burner when using it. Because of your DVD burner is the end of life, and then even the DVD will be a period of time have come读不出.
[Edit this paragraph] 9. DVD player and DVD-ROM drive
As mentioned above, DVD standard, including a perfect standard of the film industry and computer industry standards, and therefore also derived from the application of DVD players and DVD-ROM drive distinct types of boundaries and a series of similar function. For ordinary users, everyone is familiar with DVD player, what with its DVD-ROM drive then there is the difference between what?
1. DVD player
DVD players now include video and audio DVD Video Player The DVD Audio Player, are now common DVD Video Player, for playback of high-definition DVD discs. The first generation of DVD video player is basically Japan's Panasonic, Toshiba, Sony and Korea's Samsung, LG and other company's products, the initial product as a result of protection of copyright reasons, most of the Code limit the use of technology. However, the escalation in the follow-up products, Sony introduced the first player region code, allows products to further enhance the penetration rate. The third generation of domestic DVD players such as the new Branch, the love, such as manufacturers introduced products are the region code.
As a typical DVD players should include at least two core components: movement and the decoder chip. The role of decoder chip is the first laser to read the signal decoding processing, the quality of its direct impact on the level of image resolution, audio processing is 100% digital functions such as.
DVD loader is responsible for turning the DVD player, DVD laser head, through the completion of the read signal. DVD player from the early development of the first generation of the third generation and even fourth generation of the key components of the structure of the laser head, great changes have taken place, to replace the single-head双光头become the trend of the times. The first generation of DVD players in order to better compatible CD / VCD discs, load双光头technology used, but with the constant renewal of existing technology, the high cost of双光头, coil and more complex mechanical structure, such as gradually exposed the shortcomings of single head of the optical path of simple structure, fewer components, responsive, stable performance, etc. began to be revealed, together with the ability to read films better, more compatibility, DVD players become the mainstream trend.
Functions, DVD player function and other video player devices also have very different, as the DVD using the advanced international standard MPEG-2 video compression technology and VBR technology, DVD can be made to achieve the level of more than 500 lines resolution. If you want to enjoy the perfect DVD picture quality, the user to buy the best large-screen color TV (29 inches and above) or digital TV to match it, but even if the use of ordinary TV, DVD's image would be a VCD or Super VCD Image more clear, more fluid. In audio, DVD players are compatible with Dolby AC-3, MPEG-2, DTS sound playback, such as technology, in addition to high quality images and sound foreign, DVD also has a variety of unique features:
● Multi-angle function (Multi-Angle) may at any time from a different view of the DVD player. How to choose the functional point of view with the players and discs can be played up to four different angles watch.
● Multi-plot features (Multi-Story) allows users to choose a different fragment plot development, according to the individual programming preferences.
● Multi-Language Features (Multi-Language) This feature can choose a different language watch DVD video discs, and can provide up to eight languages to choose.
● Multi-subtitles function (Multi-Subbtitle) This feature allows users to select one of these languages with subtitles watch DVD discs can have up to 32 kinds of languages to choose from with subtitles.
● percentage of multi-functional television screen (Multi-Aspect) can watch the television screen set up for 16 9 aspect ratio movie, even the common aspect ratio for the 4 3 television sets, the discs can also be set in accordance with the ratio of the screen to view video screen or panoramic images.
In addition, DVD players also include child lock function, the classification of fast-forward, rewind, slow motion and programming functions to meet the needs of users some of the basic operating requirements. In essence, it provides the functionality that is similar to the player with VCD playback, but its picture quality and sound quality are to a considerable height.
2. DVD-ROM drive
DVD player with DVD playback different simple, DVD-ROM drive on your computer is much broader range of applications, to a large extent, DVD technology is the improvement of personal computers and the opportunity to combine television, Microsoft, Intel and Compaq and other companies even plan to ten years of personal computers now, analog TV and digital TV convergence in three phases. DVD-ROM drives and DVD players to develop a similar, initially by Japan's Toshiba, Panasonic, United States, IBM, Compaq and innovative companies in Singapore in 1996 equivalent to the first launch after several years of development, DVD-ROM drive has been taken for granted to be a CD-ROM drive replacement for him.
Since it is a DVD-ROM drive, which is defined as naturally and CD-ROM drive the same as a single-speed DVD-ROM drive as an example, its data transfer rate of 1350KB / s, single-speed CD-ROM drive 150KB / s of 9 times. The speed of its development as the CD-ROM drive, as experienced from a single-speed to 4 speed, with speed and is becoming the mainstream of the 8-speed or 10 speed the process of products, each time the speed of the upgrade, also on behalf of the end products of a certain generation. DVD-ROM drive is far from the structure of DVD players are so complex, it is the overall movement, servo circuit, control circuit components, such as simple, but the core structure is similar with DVD player features, some low - price of DVD players also use the DVD-ROM drive of the movement to manufacturing, to reduce production costs, the actual performance and is equipped with a dedicated core of the product compared to naturally be greatly reduced. At the same time, DVD-ROM drive is only single devices, it can with the CD, VCD, and data CD-ROM compatible, it is not compared to DVD players, but DVD-ROM drive no decoder chip circuit design, in the playback of DVD discs to be with hardware products or software products.
[Edit this paragraph] 10. Copyright protection technology
The original DVD standard was enacted, copyright protection had an important position on why they have emerged in the early first two players on behalf of the District Design Code restrictions and other conditions of anti-theft technology, which undoubtedly hindered the DVD the further development of technology in the world's growing awareness of copyright cases, DVD players and DVD-ROM drive of the copyright protection technologies such as Code has begun to lift restrictions. Often taken at the DVD copyright protection technology include the following:
1. Anti-copy CSS encrypted
CSS encryption (Content Scrambling System, the contents of garbled system) is the continuity of the original DVD movie stored data to the number of expressions in order to disrupt it, it is only through CSS certified authorized software and hardware vendors to obtain decryption process, after decryption encrypted video can only be restored to normal viewing.
2. The reproduction of anti-analog equipment
This is to prevent the use of an ordinary DVD player recorder using analog signals at a video reproduction of the operation, it can take advantage of interference signals within a direct impact on recorder automatic gain control circuit, so that recorded images can not watch this DVD copyright protection role.
3. Code restrictions
This is the use of a broader copyright protection technology, which is a major motive for Pictures film released around the time in different areas in order to prevent the issue of video playback is not taken by the District to issue a protection technology. Provided in the DVD standard in a particular geographical region code to play a specific CD-ROM, so that each DVD player has a sales area and the corresponding code, such as the issue is not the region's videos, DVD players will refuse to play, that is, in purchase a CD-ROM may not be able to buy another player. Regional code restrictions for the CD-ROM producers is entirely optional and no restrictions on CD-ROM Code can be in any country of any player. The same can also be used to limit DVD-ROM drives, but with a different DVD players, most DVD-ROM to allow to change the region code several times, usually 5 to 9 times, after the limit is reached can not be changed, unless the supply of or manufacturers to set up the drive. In fact, many enthusiasts are now found to change the DVD-ROM drive or DVD player Code restrictions on the method.
[Edit this paragraph] 11. DVD maturity
After several years of technological development, DVD standards are gradually moving towards maturity, in addition to up-to-date technology DVD players and DVD-ROM drive, the other a number of products into the commercialization stage. By the end of December last year, Panasonic and Pioneer have introduced the DVD-Audio/Video machine, it can be quantified 24, the voice signal bandwidth of 100KHz, the dynamic range of 144dB, whether it is technical performance or quality performance of all the original CD to catch up. Although the DVD Audio disc also need a dedicated DVD Audio or DVD Audio / Video playback machine to work properly, but in a very short period of time, DVD Audio / Video machines become standard products will not be a very difficult problem.
With the popularity of DVD products and technology gradually improved, the next generation of HD-DVD standard is also quietly surfaced, its products are faced with the next generation of high-definition digital television (HDTV), and therefore its capacity and the picture quality can be improved further in order to be fair capacity, HD-DVD To DVD drive is now higher than the level of 500-line resolution, 4.7GB single layer DVD is not enough capacity. Projections based on data quality, HD-DVD disc must be single-layer capacity of 45GB or 50GB capacity, the existing single-layer HD-DVD products that can be achieved 18GB, although the estimates of capacity than is very much far from, but there is reason to believe With the rapid development of technology, all this will soon be resolved, at that time, DVD technology may be the growing maturity.
[Edit this paragraph] 12.DVD renewed youth
With the Blu-ray's footsteps getting closer, DVD market is getting smaller and smaller, especially when the HD-DVD decided to launch when the DVD market, everyone thinks that Blu-ray DVD will soon be replaced, but in this period, an important left into the life cycle of technology advanced DVD player and renewed vigor, and this is now speculation in the market madness &fold line& function, it seems that with this feature can be an ordinary DVD HD 1080P into a transient .
[Edit this paragraph] 13. DVD conversion
DVD in great success, but also for its very large amount of data to the user's backup, storage, and transmission line caused a great deal of inconvenience. Imagine a DVD easily several G, this is not an ordinary computer can be stored and backed up, not to mention the transmission line. So there is a DVD conversion tool, you can picture and sound quality in a relatively small price in exchange for the loss of a great reduction in volume, are generally reduced to hundreds of M, or even lower, depending on the format into.
This conversion is more significant is that can be converted into DVD format for some special places on the special. If converted to AVI, 3GP, MP4, flv, etc. on the mobile phone, psp, or upload on youtube.
[Edit this paragraph] 14, times the line HD DVD
As we all know, the resolution of the signal source for the resolution of display terminals, the display is an ideal signal source with the launch of pixel display terminal one-to-one pixel, if the high-resolution display, can only run on low-resolution , the screen will be miserable. Since the TV has been developed to the realm of high-definition 1080i, 720x480p of the original DVD drive can not keep up with the resolution, the fold line followed the introduction of HD DVD. DVD-fold line of the realization of the method there are two types of simulation, one is digital, the number of times the DVD is the line we are going to introduce the main characters.
Simulation times Line DVD, color-component (component video) output signals, the requirements of the DAC sampling frequency and accuracy high enough to get satisfactory results, less commercial products, but also very expensive.
The number of times the line DVD, HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface, high-precision multi-media interface), a decrease of the process of digital-analog converter, reducing interference and distortion, as long as with the flat-panel TVs have HDMI, the DVD will get the best viewing experience. At the same time, HDMI is also compatible with DVI (Digital Visual Interface, digital video interface), can connect to PC use.找会计师
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什么意思，劳务报酬怎么会和工资一样的扣除呢，不懂不要瞎说。应该是五月总和加起来，看看是多少，如果是4000元以下呢，费用扣除标准是800元，超过4000的话费用
这个要分情况：（1）如果与公司签订了劳动合同（注意是劳动合同，不是劳务分包合同），并在当地人事局备案，并给职工缴纳了社保等，就直接做工资表就可以（2）如果不具备
都不是，劳务派遣公司开过来的发票，可以计入费用成本的，不需要计入薪酬，否则就和自己发没什么区别了。　　四川宇厚劳务有限公司是经四川省劳动厅、建设厅和四川省工商行
亲爱的学员，您好：如果第三方人工如劳务公司之类，可以让对方开专票抵进项，如果是自己的人工，那是没有办法增值税抵扣的。其他企业也是一样，自有员工人工部分是不能抵扣
解答：(1)设函