ASTM E84--建筑材料火焰传播速率测定
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ASTM E84--建筑材料火焰传播速率测定
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ASTM E84--建筑材料火焰传播速率测定
1987年美国国家标准局采用小型及大型试验,比较了几种材料的阻燃试样与未阻燃试样的火灾危险性,比较结果是:发生火灾后可供逃生时间,阻燃试样是未阻燃试样的15倍。因此目前欧美等发达国家对于材料和产品(尤其是电器、家私和建筑材料)的阻燃性能尤其重视,各国都出台了相应的强制性或建议性燃烧性能标准。
隧道试验是将测试材料的表面燃烧特性与石棉胶合板和未处理的红橡木做比较。0等级为石棉胶合板,100等级为未处理的红橡木地板材料。各种未处理的木材的火焰传播速率范围为60到230。在这个测试中,燃烧过程中产生的烟也同时被测量,并且在相同的范围内划分出其等级。这些等级在开始的10分钟内就被确定下来了。然而与防火涂层不同的是,建筑规范要求测试时间从10分钟延长到30分钟,火焰传播不能超过燃烧器10 1/2英尺,而且要求没有进一步燃烧的迹象。
ASTM E 84隧道法测试设备:长7.62m,开口端横截面为0.45m*0.30m的内衬耐火砖的钢槽,槽侧有窗口。以下几点值得注意:1)ASTM E84主要评估的是材料或成品的火焰传播指数(FSI)和烟密度,并提供此两参数在燃烧过程中随时间变化的曲线。2)试件至少1个 尺寸为:0.51米*7.32米* 使用大厚度(长度不够需拼接处理)。点燃源为2个煤气喷灯,能量输出为5.3MJ/min,位于试件之下190mm处,平行于实验室火的末端,相距305mm。试验时间为10分钟,根据试验测得FSI (flame spread index火焰传播指数)值。3)由隧道法测定的材料的FSI值(介于0-200)及烟密度值将材料分类高层建筑和楼道,要求FSI100的材料不符合阻燃要求。标准将FSI值划分为三类:A类0-25,B类26-75,C类76-200。同时,烟指数小于450。
该方法与NFPA 5,UL 723等同,用该方法测定一般建筑材料的FSI,A类为0~25,B类为26~75,C类为76~200,烟指数小于450(或按照ASTM D 2843测定的烟密度不大于75)。对于硬质泡沫塑料,FSI应小于等于25(或ASTM D 2843方法小于等于75),烟指数小于450。
类似的方法还有加拿大 CAN/ULC-S 102隧道法,和小隧道炉法我国行业标准有ZBG (防火涂料防火性能测试方法),美国标准有ASTM E 69-50等。
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ASTM E84-06建筑材料表面燃烧特性的实验方法
Designation: E 84 C 06An American National StandardStandard Test Method forSurface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials1This standard is issued under the ?xed designation E 84; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope 1.1 This ?re-test-response standard for the comparative surface burning behavior of building materials is applicable to exposed surfaces such as walls and ceilings. The test is conducted with the specimen in the ceiling position with the surface to be evaluated exposed face down to the ignition source. The material, product, or assembly shall be capable of being mounted in the test position during the test. Thus, the specimen shall either be self-supporting by its own structural quality, held in place by added supports along the test surface, or secured from the back side. 1.2 The purpose of this test method is to determine the relative burning behavior of the material by observing the ?ame spread along the specimen. Flame spread and smoke developed index are reported. However, there is not necessarily a relationship between these two measurements. 1.3 The use of supporting materials on the underside of the test specimen has the ability to lower the ?ame spread index from those which might be obtained if the specimen could be tested without such support. These test results do not necessarily relate to indices obtained by testing materials without such support. 1.4 Testing of materials that melt, drip, or delaminate to such a degree that the continuity of the ?ame front is destroyed, results in low ?ame spread indices that do not relate directly to indices obtained by testing materials that remain in place. 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and ?gures, shall not be considered as requirements of the standard. 1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and ?ame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for ?re-hazard or ?re-riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual ?re conditions.. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 A 390 Speci?cation for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Poultry Fence Fabric (Hexagonal and Straight Line) C 1186 Speci?cation for Flat Non-Asbestos Fiber-Cement Sheets C 1396/C 1396M Speci?cation for Gypsum Board D 4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base Materials D 4444 Test Methods for Use and Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture Meters E 69 Test Method for Combustible Properties of Treated Wood by the Fire-Tube Apparatus E 136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C E 160 Test Method for Combustible Properties of Treated Wood by the Crib Test3 E 162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source E 176 Terminology of Fire Standards E 286 Method of Test for Surface Flammability of Building Materials Using an 8-ft (2.44-m) Tunnel Furnace3 E 2231 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Pipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics 3. Terminology 3.1 De?nitions―For de?nitions of terms used in this test method refer to Terminology E 176. The term ?ame spread2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website. 3 Withdrawn.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on Surface Burning. Current edition approved June 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originally approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E 84 C 05e1.Copyright ? ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA , United States.1E 84 C 06index from Terminology E 176 is of particular interest to this standard and is de?ned in 3.1.1. 3.1.1 ?ame spread index, n―a number or classi?cation indicating a comparative measure derived from observations made during the progress of the boundary of a zone of ?ame under de?ned test conditions. 3.2 De?nitions of Terms Speci?c to This Standard: 3.2.1 smoke developed index, n―a number or classi?cation indicating a comparative measure derived from smoke obscuration data collected during the test for surface burning characteristics. 3.2.2 surface ?ame spread, n―the propagation of a ?ame away from the source of ignition across the surface of the specimen. 4. Signi?cance and Use 4.1 This test method is intended to provide only comparative measurements of surface ?ame spread and smoke density measurements with that of select grade red oak and ?bercement board surfaces under the speci?c ?re exposure conditions described herein. 4.2 This test method exposes a nominal 24-ft (7.32-m) long by 20-in. (508-mm) wide specimen to a controlled air ?ow and ?aming ?re exposure adjusted to spread the ?ame along the entire length of the select grade red oak specimen in 51?2 min. 4.3 This test method does not provide for the following: 4.3.1 Measurement of heat transmission through the tested surface. 4.3.2 The effect of aggravated ?ame spread behavior of an assembly resulting from the proximity of combustible walls and ceilings. 4.3.3 Classifying or de?ning a material as noncombustible, by means of a ?ame spread index by itself. 5. Apparatus 5.1 Fire Test Chamber―See Figs. 1-5. 5.1.1 The ?re test chamber is a rectangular horizontal duct with a removable lid. The inside dimensions are as follows:Width: 17 3?4 6 1?4 in. (451 6 6.3 mm) measured between the top ledges along the side walls, and 17 5?8 6 3?8 in. (448 6 10 mm) at all other points. 12 6 1?2 in. (305 6 13 mm) measured from the bottom of the test chamber to the top of the ledges on which the specimen is supported. This measurement includes the 1?8 in. (3.2 mm) thickness of the 1 1?2 in. (38 mm) wide woven ?berglass gasket tape. 25 ft 6 3 in. (7.62 m 6 76 mm).Depth:Length:5.1.2 The sides and base of the chamber shall be lined with an insulating ?rebrick with the dimensions of 4 1?2 in. by 9 in. by 2 1?2 in. thick as illustrated in Fig. 2. The insulating ?rebrick shall have the following properties:Maximum Recommended Temperature 2600°F (1424°C) Bulk Density 50 6 3 lb/ft3 (0.77 6 0.046 g/cm3) Thermal Conductivity at Mean W/m?°C Btu?in./hr?ft2?°F Temperature of 400°F (205°C) 1.7 0.24 800°F (425°C) 1.9 0.27 1200°F (650°C) 2.2 0.32 1600°F (870°C) 2.6 0.37 2000°F (1095°C) 3.2 0.46 2400°F (1315°C) 3.9 0.565.1.3 One side of the chamber shall be provided with double observation windows4 with the inside pane ?ush mounted (see Fig. 2). Exposed inside glass shall be 2 3?4 6 3?8 by 11 + 1, ?2 in. (70 6 10 by 279 + 25 ? 50 mm). The centerline of the4 Heat-resistant glass, high-silica, 100 % silica glass, nominal 1?4-in. thick has been found suitable for the interior pane. Borosilicate glass, nominal 1?4-in. thick has been found suitable for the exterior pane.FIG. 1 Test Furnace, Showing Some Critical Dimensions (Not a Construction Drawing)2E 84 C 06FIG. 2 Test Furnace Showing Critical Dimensions (Not a Construction Drawing)exposed area of the inside glass shall be in the upper half of the furnace wall, with the upper edge not less than 2.5 in. (63 mm) below the furnace ledge. The window shall be located such that not less than 12 in. (305 mm) of the specimen width can be observed. Multiple windows shall be located along the tunnel so that the entire length of the test sample is observable from outside the ?re chamber. The windows shall be pressure tight in accordance with 7.2 and 7.2.1. 5.1.4 The ledges shall be fabricated of structural materials5 capable of withstanding the abuse of continuous testing. The ledges shall be level with respect to the length and width of the chamber and each other. The ledges shall be maintained in a state of repair commensurate with the frequency, volume, and severity of testing occurring at any time. 5.1.5 Lid: 5.1.5.1 The lid shall consist of a removable noncombustible metal and mineral composite structure as shown in Fig. 2 and of a size necessary to cover completely the ?re test chamberand the test samples. The lid shall be maintained in an unwarped and ?at condition. When in place, the lid shall be completely sealed to prevent air leakage into the ?re test chamber during the test. 5.1.5.2 The lid shall be insulated with a minimal thickness of 2 in. (51 mm) castable insulation or mineral composite material having physical characteristics comparable to the following:Maximum effective use temperature of at least: 1200°F (650°C) Bulk density 21 lb/ft3 (336 kg/m3) Thermal conductivity at 300 to 700°F 0.50 to 0.71 Btu?in./h?ft2?°F (0.072 to (149 to 371°C) 0.102 W/m?K)5 High-temperature furnace refractory. Zirconium silicate, or water-cooled steel tubing have been found suitable for this purpose.5.1.5.3 The entire lid assembly shall be protected with ?at sections of nominal 1?4-in. (6.3-mm) ?ber-cement board meeting the properties of Annex A3. This protective board shall be maintained in sound condition through continued replacement. The protective board is to be secured to the furnace lid or place on the back side of the test specimen. 5.1.6 Gas Burners: 5.1.6.1 One end of the test chamber shall be designated as the “?re end”. This ?re end shall be provided with two gas3E 84 C 06FIG. 3 Typical Exhaust End Transition (Not a Construction Drawing)burners delivering ?ames upward against the surface of the test sample (see Fig. 2). The burners shall be spaced 12 in. (305 mm) from the ?re end of the test chamber, and 7 1?2 6 1?2 in. (190 6 13 mm) below the under surface of the test sample. Gas to the burners shall be provided through a single inlet pipe, distributed to each port burner through a tee-section. The outlet shall be a 3?4 in. NPT elbow. The plane of the port shall be parallel to the furnace ?oor, such that the gas is directed upward toward the specimen. Each port shall be positioned with its centerline 4 6 1?2 in. (102 6 13 mm) on each side of the centerline of the furnace so that the ?ame is distributed evenly over the width of the exposed specimen surface (see Fig. 2). 5.1.6.2 The controls used to assure constant ?ow of gas to the burners during period of use shall consist of a pressure regulator, a gas meter calibrated to read in increments of not more than 0.1 ft3 (2.8 L), a manometer to indicate gas pressure in inches of water, a quick-acting gas shut-off valve, and a gas metering valve. 5.1.7 Air Intake:5.1.7.1 An air intake shutter shall be located 54 6 5 in. ( mm) upstream of the burner, as measured from the burner centerline to the outside surface of the shutter (see Fig. 1). The air intake is to be ?tted with a vertically sliding shutter extending the entire width of the test chamber. The shutter shall be positioned so as to provide an air inlet port 3 6 1?16 in. (76 6 2 mm) high measured from the ?oor level of the test chamber at the air intake point. 5.1.7.2 To provide air turbulance for proper combustion, turbulance baffling shall be provided by positioning six refractory ?rebricks (as de?ned in 5.1.2) along the side walls of the chamber. With the long dimension vertical, 4 1?2 in. (114-mm) dimension along the wall, place the bricks as follows from the centerline of the burner ports:On the window side at 7, 12, and 20 6 1?2 ft (2.1, 3.7, and 6.1 6 0.2 m) On the opposite side at 4 1?2 , 9 1?2 , and 16 6 1?2 ft (1.3, 2.9, and 4.9 6 0.2 m)5.1.7.3 The movement of air shall be by an induced draft system having a total draft capacity of at least 0.15 in. (3.8 mm) water column with the sample in place, the shutter at the ?re end open the normal 3 6 1?16 in. (76 6 2 mm), and the4E 84 C 06of the tunnel, 1 6 0.5 in. (25 6 12 mm) below the ceiling, 15 6 0.5 in. (381 6 12 mm) downstream from the inlet shutter (see Fig. 1). 5.1.8 Exhaust End: 5.1.8.1 The other end of the test chamber is designated as the exhaust end. The exhaust end shall be ?tted with a gradual rectangular-to-round transition piece, not less than 20 in. (508 mm) in length, with a cross-sectional area of not less than 200 in.2 (1290 cm2) at any point (see Fig. 3). 5.1.8.2 The transition piece shall in turn be ?tted to a 16 in. (406 mm) diameter duct pipe. A typical duct system shown in Fig. 4 contains two 90° elbows (see Fig. 5) with the exhaust duct running beside the ?re test chamber. In order to comply with this typical design, the vertical centerline of the exhaust duct system is identical to that of the ?re test chamber. 5.1.8.3 The exhaust duct is to be insulated with at least 2 in. (51 mm) of high temperature mineral composition material from the exhaust end of the ?re chamber to the photometer location. 5.1.8.4 An exhaust fan shall be installed at the end of the exhaust duct. The air ?ow shall be controlled as speci?ed in 5.1.11. 5.1.8.5 An alternative exhaust duct layout design shall demonstrate equivalency by meeting the requirements speci?ed in Section 7. 5.1.9 Photometer System: 5.1.9.1 A photometer system consisting of a lamp6 and photocell7 shall be mounted on a horizontal section of the 16-in. (406-mm) diameter vent pipe at a point where it will be preceded by a straight run of pipe (at least 12 diameters or 16 ft (4.88 m) and not more than 30 diameters or 40 ft (12.19 m) from the vent end of the chamber, and with the light beam directed upward along the vertical axis of the vent pipe. The vent pipe shall be insulated with at least 2 in. (51 mm) of high-temperature mineral composition material, from the vent end of the chamber to the photometer location. The photoelectric cell of which the output is directly proportional to the amount of light received shall be mounted over the light source and connected to a recording device having a minimum operating chart width of 5 in. (127 mm) with an accuracy within 61 % of full scale, for indicating changes in the attenuation of incident light by the passing smoke, particulate, and other effluent. The distance between the light source lens and the photocell lens shall be 36 6 4 in. (914 6 102 mm). The cylindrical light beam shall pass through 3-in. (76-mm) diameter openings at the top and bottom of the 16-in. diameter duct, with the resultant light beam centered on the photocell.FIG. 4 Plan View―Typical Duct System (Not a Construction Drawing)damper in the wide open position. A draft gage tap to indicate static pressure shall be inserted through the top at the midwidth6 The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is 12-V sealed beam, clear lens, auto spot lamp, No. 4405, from General Electric, Nela Park, OH. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1 which you may attend. 7 The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is No. 856BB from Weston Instruments, Wauconda, IL. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1 which you may attend.5E 84 C 06FIG. 5 Typical Duct Elbow (Not a Construction Drawing)5.1.9.2 Linearity of the photometer system shall be veri?ed periodically by interrupting the light beam with calibrated neutral density ?lters. The ?lters shall cover the full range of the recording instrument. Transmittance values measured by the photometer, using neutral density ?lters, shall be within 63 % of the calibrated value for each ?lter. 5.1.10 Draft Regulating Device: 5.1.10.1 An automatically controlled damper to regulate the draft pressure shall be installed in the vent pipe down-stream of the smoke-indicating attachment. The damper shall be provided with a manual override. 5.1.10.2 Other manual or automatic draft regulation devices, or both, are allowed to be incorporated to help maintain fan characterization and air-?ow control throughout the test. 5.1.11 Thermocouples: 5.1.11.1 A No. 18 Awg (1.02-mm) thermocouple, with 3?8 6 1?8 in. (9.5 6 3.2 mm) of the junction exposed in the air, shall be inserted through the ?oor of the test chamber so that the tip is 1 6 1?32 in. (25.4 6 0.8 mm) below the top surface of the gasketing tape and 23 ft 6 1?2 in. (7.0 m 6 13 mm) from the centerline of the burner ports at the center of its width. 5.1.11.2 Two No. 18 Awg (1.02 mm) thermocouples are embedded below the ?oor surface of the test chamber. These thermocouples shall be mounted at distances of 13 ft 6 1?2 in. (3.96 m 6 13 mm) and 23 1?4 ft 6 1?2 in. (7.09 m 6 13 mm) measured from the centerline of the burner ports. The thermocouples shall be inserted from below the ?re test chamber through the ?rebrick until the tip of the thermocouple is 1?8 6 1?32 in. (3.2 6 0.8 mm) below the ?oor surface. The tip of the thermocouples shall be covered with refractory or portland cement, carefully dried to avoid cracking.66. Test Specimens 6.1 Specimens shall be representative of the materials which the test is intended to examine. The report shall include information on the composition needed for identi?cation of the test specimen as described in 11.1.1. 6.2 The specimen shall be provided in one of two ways: (1) a continuous, (2) sections that will be joined or butted end-to-end. 6.3 The size of the test specimen shall be: Width: between 20 and 24 in. (508 and 610 mm) Length: 24 ft + 12 in. ― 6 in. Thickness: maximum 4 in. (101 mm).NOTE 1―The test apparatus is not designed for testing at thicknesses greater than 4 in. (101 mm), but has the ability to be modi?ed if required. This is accomplished through (a) modi?cations to the test apparatus lid to maintain an airtight seal, and (b) the introduction, usually of additional sample/lid supports above the test apparatus ledges. Due to the composition of some materials, test results obtained at a thickness greater than 4 in. (101 mm) will potentially vary from results of a test on the same material tested at a thickness of 4 in. (101 mm) or less.6.4 The test specimen shall be conditioned to a constant weight at a temperature of 73.4 6 5°F (23 6 2.8°C) and at a relative humidity of 50 6 5%. 6.5 The upstream end of the ?re test chamber shall be ?lled with a 14 6 1?8 ―in. (356 6 3 mm) length of uncoated 16Cguage (0.053 to 0.060 in.) steel plate positioned on the specimen mounting ledge in front of and under the leading edge of the specimen. 6.6 When the overall length of the test specimen exceeds 24 ft. (7.32 m), butt one end of the test specimen against the exhaust end of the ?re test chamber and continue the installation of the specimen toward the gas burner.E 84 C 066.7 When the overall length of the test specimen is 24 ft. (7.32 m) or less, provide a 1 in. (25 mm) overlap of the steel plate at the upstream end with one end of the test specimen and continue the installation of the specimen toward the exhaust end. 6.8 In addition to the above provisions, for preparing and mounting pipe and duct insulation materials, Practice E 2231 shall be used. For all other products refer to Appendix X1 for mounting guidance. 7. Calibration 7.1 Place a nominal 1?4-in. (6.3-mm) ?ber-cement board meeting the properties of Annex A3 on the ledge of the furnace chamber. Place the removable lid of the test chamber in position. 7.2 With the 1?4-in. (6.3-mm) ?ber-cement board in position on top of the ledge of the furnace chamber and with the removable lid in place, establish a draft to produce a 0.15-in. (3.8-mm) water-column reading on the draft manometer, with the ?re-end shutter open 3 6 1?16 in. (76 6 1.5 mm), by manually setting the damper as a characterization of fan performance. Then close and seal the ?re-end shutter, without changing the damper position. The manometer reading shall increase to at least 0.375 in. (9.53 mm), indicating that no excessive air leakage exists. 7.2.1 In addition, conduct a supplemental leakage test periodically with the tunnel sealed from the inlet end to beyond the photometer system, by placing a smoke bomb in the chamber. Ignite the bomb and pressurize the chamber to 0.375 6 0.125 in. (9.53 6 3.18 mm) water column. Seal all points of leakage observed in the form of escaping smoke particles. 7.3 Establish a draft reading within the range 0.055 to 0.100 in. (1.40 to 2.54 mm) water column. The required draft gage reading will be maintained throughout the test by the automatically controlled damper. Record the air velocity at seven points, 23 ft from the centerline of the burner ports, 6 6 1?4 in. (168 6 7 mm) below the plane of the specimen mounting ledge. Determine these seven points by dividing the width of the tunnel into seven equal sections and recording the velocity at the geometrical center of each section. During the measurement of velocity, remove the turbulence bricks (see 4.3) and the exposed 23-ft thermocouple and place 24-in. (670-mm) long straightening vanes between 16 and 18 ft (4.88 and 5.49 m) from the burner. The straightening vanes shall divide the furnace cross section into nine uniform sections. Determine the velocity with furnace air temperature at 73.4 6 5°F (23 6 2.8°C), using a velocity transducer. The velocity, determined as the arithmetic average of the seven readings, shall be 240 6 5 ft (73.2 6 1.4 m)/min. 7.3.1 The following alternative to the velocity transducer equipment and method of determining the tunnel air velocity has been found suitable: A 4Cin.diameter low-speed rotary vane anemometer, having a resolution of 1 ft./min. with an accuracy of 6 2 %, is attached to the steel stand and placed in the tunnel 22.5 ft downstream of the burners. Three trials shall be conducted and their values averaged. The average is rounded to the nearest unit. The centerline of the vane anemometer shall be aligned with the vertical centerline of the tunnel by placing it on the steel stand. Trial 1 is run with the7vane edge 1 in. from the non- Trial 2 is with the center axis at the and Trial 3 is run with the vane edge 1 in. from the window wall. 7.4 The room in which the test chamber is located shall have provision for a free in?ow of air during test to maintain the room at atmospheric pressure during the entire test run. Maintain the air supply at a temperature of 73.4 6 5°F (23 6 2.8°C) and a relative humidity of 50 6 5 %. 7.5 Supply the ?re test chamber with natural (city) or methane (bottled) gas fuel of uniform quality with a heating value of nominally 1000 Btu/ft3 (37.3 MJ/m3). Adjust the gas supply initially at approximately 5000 Btu (5.3 MJ)/min. Record the gas pressure, the pressure differential across the ori?ce plate, and the volume of gas used in each test. If a temperature- and pressure-compensating mass ?owmeter is utilized, record only the volume of gas used. Unless otherwise corrected for, when bottled methane is employed, insert a length of coiled copper tubing into the gas line between the supply and metering connection to compensate for possible errors in the ?ow indicated due to reductions in gas temperature associated with the pressure drop and expansion across the regulator. With the draft and gas supply adjusted as indicated in 7.3 and 7.4, the test ?ame shall extend downstream to a distance of 41?2 ft (1.37 m) over the specimen surface, with negligible upstream coverage. 7.6 Preheat the test chamber with the 1?4-in. (6.3-mm) ?ber-cement board and the removable lid in place and with the fuel supply adjusted to the required ?ow. Continue the preheating until the temperature indicated by the ?oor thermocouple at 231?4 ft (7.09 m) reaches 150 6 5°F (66 6 2.8°C). During the preheat test, record the temperatures indicated by the thermocouple at the vent end of the test chamber at intervals not longer than 15 s and compare these readings to the preheat temperature shown in the time-temperature curve in Fig. 3. This preheating is for the purpose of establishing the conditions that will exist following successive tests and for indicating the control of the heat input into the test chamber. If appreciable variation from the temperatures shown in the representative preheat curve is observed, suitable adjustments in the fuel supply may be necessary based on red oak calibration tests. 7.7 Allow the furnace to cool after each test. When the ?oor thermocouple at 13 ft (3.96 m) shows a temperature of 105 6 5°F (40.5 6 2.8°C), place the next specimen in position for test. 7.8 With the test equipment adjusted and conditioned as described in 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, and 7.6, make a test or series of tests, using nominal 23?32-in. (18.3-mm) select-grade red oak ?ooring as a sample. The red oak decks are to be constructed and conditioned as speci?ed in Annex A1 and Annex A2. Make observations at distance intervals not in excess of 2 ft (0.6 m) and time intervals not in excess of 30 s, and record the time when the ?ame reaches the end of the specimen 191?2 ft (5.94 m) from the end of the ignition ?re. The end of the ignition ?re shall be considered as being 41?2 ft (1.37 m) from the burners. The ?ame shall reach the end point in 51?2 min6 15 s. Automatically record the temperatures measured by the thermocouple near the vent end at least every 15 s. AutomaticallyE 84 C 06record the photoelectric cell output immediately prior to the test and at least every 15 s during the test. 7.8.1 Another means of judging when the ?ame has reached the end point is when the exposed thermocouple at 23 ft registers a temperature of 980°F (527°C). 7.9 Plot the ?ame spread distance, temperature, and change in photoelectric cell readings separately on suitable coordinate paper. Figs. 4-6 are representative curves for red oak ?ame spread distance, time-temperature development, and smoke density, respectively. Flame spread distance shall be determined as the observed distance minus 41?2 ft (1.37 m). 7.10 Following the calibration tests for red oak, conduct a similar test or tests on samples of 1?4-in. (6.3-mm) ?ber-cement board. These results shall be considered as representing an index of 0. Plot the temperature readings separately on suitable coordinate paper. Fig. 7 is a representative curve for timetemperature development for ?ber-cement board. 7.11 A calibration for red oak and for ?ber-cement board shall be performed after major repairs, such as re-bricking, have been made. If there have been no major repairs, a new calibration for both red oak and ?ber-cement board shall be conducted after 200 tests, or every 12 months, whichever comes ?rst. 7.12 The red oak ?ame spread calibration data shall be used to con?rm performance indicated in 7.8, that the ?ame reaches the end of the specimen at a time no less than 5 min 15 s and no more than 5 min 45 s from the start of the test. In the event that the ?ame reaches the end of the specimen outside these time limits, make adjustments and recalibrate until the correct time is achieved. 7.13 Add the data from the new smoke calibration to a data set containing the last four calibrations in order to maintain a running average of at least ?ve calibrations. This average of smoke-developed index (SDI) data shall provide the calibration data to be used to adjust the settings for the equipment and to establish areas for calculation of the SDI. When fewer than ?ve calibrations have been performed on new equipment, average the available number of calibrations to achieve the running average. 8. Procedure 8.1 With the furnace draft operating, place the test specimen on the test chamber ledges that have been completely covered with nominal 1?8-in. (3.2-mm) thick by 11?2-in. (38-mm) wide woven gasketing tape. Place the specimen as quickly as is practical. Place the removable top in position over the specimen. 8.2 Keep the completely mounted specimen in position in the chamber with the furnace draft operating for 120 6 15 s prior to the application of the test ?ame. 8.3 Ignite the burner gas. Observe and record the distance and time of maximum ?ame front travel with the room darkened. Continue the test for a 10-min period. Termination of the test prior to 10 min is permitted if the specimen is completely consumed in the ?re area and no further progressive burning is evident and the photoelectric cell reading has returned to the baseline. 8.4 Record the photoelectric cell output immediately prior to the test and at least every 15 s during the test. 8.5 Record the gas pressure, the pressure differential across the ori?ce plate, and the volume of gas used in each test. If a temperature- and pressure-compensating mass ?owmeter device is used to monitor the gas ?ow, record only the volume of gas. 8.6 When the test is ended, shut off the gas supply, observe smoldering and other conditions within the test duct, and remove the specimen for further examination. 8.7 Plot the ?ame spread distance, temperature, and change in photoelectric cell readings separately on the same type of coordinate paper as used in 7.9 for use in determining the ?ame-spread and smoke-developed indexes as outlined in Section 9. Flame front advancement shall be recorded at the time of occurrence or at least every 30 s if no advancement is noted. Flame spread distance shall be determined as the observed distance minus 41?2 ft (1.37 m). 9. Interpretation of Results 9.1 The ?ame spread index (FSI) shall be the value, determined as follows, rounded to the nearest multiple of ?ve. 9.1.1 In plotting the ?ame spread distance-time relationship, all progressive ?aming as previously recorded shall be included at the time of occurrence. A straight line shall be used to connect successive points. The total area (AT) under the ?ame spread distance-time plot shall be determined by ignoring any ?ame front recession. For example, in Fig. 8 the ?ame spreads 10 ft (3.05 m) in 21?2 min and then recedes. The area is calculated as if the ?ame had spread to 10 ft in 21?2 min and then remained at 10 ft for the remainder of the test or until the ?ame front again passed 10 ft. This is shown by the dashed line in Fig. 8. The area (AT) used for calculating the ?ame spread index is the sum of areas A1 and A2 in Fig. 8. 9.1.2 If this total area (AT) is less than or equal to 97.5 ft?min, the ?ame spread index shall be 0.515 times the total area (FSI = 0.515 AT). 9.1.3 If the total area (AT) is greater than 97.5 ft?min, the ?ame spread index shall be 4900, divided by the difference of 195 minus the total area (AT). (FSI =
? AT)). 9.2 The test results for smoke shall be plotted, using the same coordinates as in 7.9. The area under the curve shall be divided by the area under the curve for red oak, multiplied by 100, and rounded to the nearest multiple of ?ve to establish a numerical smoke-developed index. The performance of the material is compared with that of ?ber-cement board and select grade red oak ?ooring, which have been arbitrarily established8FIG. 6 Representative Time-Absorption Curve for Smoke Density of Red OakE 84 C 06FIG. 7 Representative Time-Temperature Curve for Fuel Contribution of Fiber-Cement BoardFIG. 8 Example of Time-Distance Relationship with Flame Front Recession (Total Area, AT = A1 + A2)as 0 and 100, respectively. For smoke-developed indexes 200 or more, the calculated value shall be rounded to the nearest 50 points.NOTE 2―Allowance should be made for accumulation of soot and dust on the photoelectric cell during the test by establishing a revised base line. The revised base line shall be a straight line drawn from the zero point (point on base line where incipient light attenuation occurs) to the point established after the sample has been removed.10. Analysis of Products of Combustion 10.1 Samples for combustion product analysis, when analysis is requested, shall be taken downstream from the photometer, or shall consist of not more than 1 % of the total ?ow. Analysis of the products of combustion is not required in this test method. 11. Report 11.1 Report the following information:911.1.1 Description of the material being tested, including its composition or generic identi?cation, thickness, and any relevant additional details, 11.1.2 Test results as calculated in Section 9, 11.1.3 Details of the method used in placing the specimen in the chamber, to include the following: 11.1.3.1 A statement whether a continuous or sectioned specimen is used, 11.1.3.2 A description of the number of sections and their sizes, when the specimen consists of sections joined end-toend, 11.1.3.3 The mounting method employed, 11.1.3.4 The method of placement of the cement board protecting the furnace lid assembly. 11.1.4 Observations of the burning characteristics of the specimen during test exposure, such as delamination, sagging, shrinkage, fallout, etc., andE 84 C 0611.1.5 Graphical plots of ?ame spread and smoke developed data. 12. Precision and Bias 8 12.1 Precision―A series of interlaboratory tests for this test method was run using eleven laboratories and six materials. Four replicates of each material were tested. The complete results have been placed on ?le at ASTM Headquarters as a Research Project entitled “Interlaboratory Test Study on ASTM E84, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials.” Data was calculated in accordance with Practice E 691 and ISO
Even though Test Method E 84 provides measurement of a Flame Spread Index and a Smoke Developed Index, only the Flame Spread Index is considered in this precision statement because the test series utilized a smoke measurement system that was a variation from that described in the test method. Data on precision of the smoke developed index is being worked on by Task Group No. 1 of Subcommittee E5.22 and will be included in a future revision of this test method. 12.3 Within-laboratory (repeatability) data is given in Table 1. 12.4 Between-laboratory (reproducibility) data is given in Table 2. 12.5 Bias―No information is presented on the bias of the procedure in this test method because correct values for ?re-test-response characteristics of building materials can onlyTABLE 1 Within-Laboratory (Repeatability) Precision DataParameter―Flame Spread Index Material Mean Value Douglas Fir Plywood Fire Retardant Treated Douglas Fir Plywood Type X Gypsum Board Rigid Polystyrene Foam Rigid Polyurethane Foam Composite Panel 91 17 9 7 24 17 Repeatability Standard Deviation, Sr 15 3 2 1 3 2 Relative Standard Deviation,% 16 17 19 18 13 12TABLE 2Between-Laboratory (Reproducibility) Precision DataParameter―Flame Spread Index Reproducibility Standard Deviation, SR 23 6 3 4 5 4 Relative Standard Deviation,% 25 33 36 60 23 21Material Mean Value Douglas Fir Plywood Fire Retardant Treated Douglas Fir Plywood Type X Gypsum Board Rigid Polystyrene Foam Rigid Polyurethane Foam Composite Panel 91 17 9 7 24 17be de?ned in terms of a test method. Within this limitation, this test method has no known bias and can be accepted as a reference method. 13. Keywords 13.1 ? ? s S surface bur 25 tunnel test8 Supporting data have been ?led at ASTM Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting PCN .ANNEXES(Mandatory Information) A1. CONSTRUCTION GUIDELINES OF RED OAK DECKSA1.1 Introduction A1.1.1 General construction outline of the red oak decks is shown in Fig. A1.1.10E 84 C 06FIG. A1.1 Red Oak Calibration Deck ConstructionA2. PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING MOISTURE CONTENT IN RED OAKA2.1 Introduction A2.1.1 This procedure shall be used for the determination of moisture content of the select-grade red oak calibration material. From trimmed sections of the calibration decks, prepare a minimum of six specimens 4 + 1?16 -0 inches (100 + 2 -0 mm) long. The specimens shall be free from visible irregularities of knots, decay, reaction wood, and resin concentration. Place the trimmed sections adjacent to the calibration decks in a condi-tioning atmosphere that will result in an average moisture content of 7 6 0.5 %. Using either a conductance or dielectrictype meter (calibrated per Test Methods D 4444), monitor moisture content until the desired level is reached. Subject the trimmed sections only to the secondary oven-drying method (Method B) in Test Methods D 4442 for the ?nal determination of moisture content.A3. FIBER-CEMENT BOARD REQUIREMENTSA3.1 Introduction: A3.1.1 The ?ber-cement board shall comply with Speci?cation C 1186 Grade II, and the following additional properties: A3.1.1.1 Nominal thickness shall be 1?4 in. (6.3 mm). A3.1.1.2 Density = 90 6 10 lb/ft3( kg/m3).A3.1.1.3 A3.1.1.4 A3.1.1.5 test. A3.1.1.6Board shall be uncoated. Pass Test Method E 136. The board shall stay in-place during a 10Cmin. Shall be suitable for test sample adhesion.11E 84 C 06APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information) X1. GUIDE TO MOUNTING METHODSX1.1 Introduction X1.1.1 Discussion: X1.1.1.1 This guide has been compiled as an aid in selecting a method for mounting various building materials in the ?re test chamber. These mountings are suggested for test method unifor they are not meant to imply restriction in the speci?c details of ?eld installation. X1.1.1.2 For some building materials none of the methods described may be applicable. In such cases, other means of support may have to be devised. X1.1.1.3 These suggested mounting methods are grouped according to building materials to be tested which are broadly described either by usage or by form of the material. X1.1.2 Support Pieces: X1.1.2.1 Whenever ?ber-cement board is speci?ed as a backing in this appendix, the material shall be nominal 1?4 9 (6.3 mm) thick, meeting the properties of Annex A3. X1.1.2.2 Whenever metal rods or bars are speci?ed in this appendix as supports they should be:Steel rods, 1?4 in. (6.3 mm) diameter Steel bars, 3?16 by 2 in. (5 by 51 mm)ing core (Note X1.1) material that may adversely affect the test results should be tested with a joint. This joint should be located longitudinally between the burners.NOTE X1.1―Core is de?ned as: a central and often foundational part usually distinct from the enveloping part by a difference in nature (Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary).(b) The surface burning behavior should be determined using the manufacturer’s recommended joint detail. (c)If a joint detail is not recommended by the manufacturer, the product should be tested both with a separation of 3?16 6 1?16 in. (4.26 1.5 mm) and with the edges in direct contact. X1.2 Acoustical and Other Similar Panel Products Less Than 20 in. (508 mm) X1.2.1 For acoustical materials and other similar panel products whose maximum dimension is less than 20 in. (508 mm), metal splines or wood furring strips and metal fasteners shall be used. X1.2.2 Steel tee splines for mounting kerfed-acoustical tile shall be nominal 1?2-in. (13-mm) web by 3?4-in. (19-mm) ?ange, formed No. 24 MS gage sheet metal. X1.2.3 Wood furring frames for mounting acoustical materials and other similar panel products less than 20 in. (508 mm) shall be nominal 1 by 2-in. (20 by 41-mm) wood furring joined with corrugated-metal fasteners. Use two frames as shown in Fig. X1.1. X1.3 Adhesives X1.3.1 To determine the surface burning characteristics of adhesives, they shall be mixed as speci?ed in the manufacturer’s instructions and shall be applied to ?ber-cement board in the thickness or at the coverage rate recommended by the manufacturer. The adhesive application shall be cured prior to testing. X1.4 Batt or Blanket-Type Insulating Materials X1.4.1 Batt or blanket materials that do not have sufficient rigidity or strength to support themselves shall be supported by metal rods inserted through the material and positioned such that the bottom of the rod is approximately 1?4 in. (6.3 mm)(a) The rods or bars should span the width of the tunnel. Rods should be placed approximately 2 in. (51 mm) from each end of each panel and at approximately 2-ft (0.6-m) intervals starting with the ?re end of each panel. (b) Bars are used instead of rods only when they are required to support the sample. The bars should be placed approximately 2 in. (51 mm) from each end of each panel and at approximately 2-ft (0.6-m) intervals starting with the ?re end of each panel. X1.1.2.3 Whenever netting is speci?ed as a support in this appendix, the material shall be 20-gage, 2-in. (51-mm) hexagonal galvanized steel netting conforming to Speci?cation A 390. X1.1.3 Joints: X1.1.3.1 Products that are normally installed adjoining themselves longitudinally are evaluated under this paragraph. (a) Mounting methods should be considered for building products that normally incorporate joint details either in design or installation. A nonhomogenous product containing underly-FIG. X1.1 Wood Frame for Acoustical Materials and Other Similar Panel Products Less Than 20 in. (508 mm)12E 84 C 06from the surface to be exposed to the ?ame. It is recommended that batt or blanket materials less than 1 in. (25.4 mm) thick not be mounted for testing in this manner. X1.5 Coating Materials, Cementitious Mixtures, and Sprayed Fibers X1.5.1 Coating materials, cementitious mixtures, and sprayed ?bers shall be mixed and applied to the substrate as speci?ed in the manufacturer’s instructions at the thickness, coverage rate, or density recommended by the manufacturer. X1.5.2 Materials intended for application to wood surfaces shall be applied to a substrate made of nominal 23?32 in. (18-mm) select grade, red oak ?ooring which is also used as the calibration material. Test decks placed end to end shall be used. Construct and condition in accordance with Annex A1 and Annex A2. X1.5.3 Materials intended for application to particular combustible surfaces shall be applied to the speci?c surfaces for which they are intended. X1.5.4 Materials intended for only ?eld application to noncombustible surfaces shall be applied to 1?4-in. (6.3-mm) ?ber-cement board. X1.5.5 Since the nature of the substrate may signi?cantly affect the performance of the ?re retardant coating, an indication of the performance of a ?re retardant coating can be determined by comparing the surface ?ammability of the coated substrate with that of the uncoated, speci?c substrate. X1.6 Loose-Fill Insulation X1.6.1 Loose-?ll insulation shall be placed on galvanizedsteel screening9 with approximate 3?64-in. (1.2-mm) openings supported on a test frame 20 in. (508 mm) wide by 2 in. (51 mm) deep, made from 2 by 3 by 3?16-in. (51 by 76 by 5-mm) steel angles. Three frames are required. See Fig. X1.2. The insulation shall be packed to the density speci?ed by the manufacturer. X1.7 Plastics X1.7.1 The term plastics includes foams, reinforced panels, laminates, grids, and transparent or translucent sheets. X1.7.2 When any plastic will remain in position in the tunnel during a ?re test, no additional support will be required. Thermoplastic and other plastics that will not remain in place are to be supported in accordance with X1.1.2.2 and X1.1.2.3. X1.8 Thin Membranes X1.8.1 Single-layer membranes or thin laminates consisting of a limited number of similar or dissimilar layers not intended for adherence to another surface may be supported on poultry netting placed on steel rods in accordance with X1.1.2.2 and X1.1.2.3. Netting shall be 20-gage, 2-in. (51-mm) hexagonal galvanized steel poultry netting conforming to Speci?cation A 390. If so tested, the specimen shall be additionally tested, bonded to a substrate representative of a ?eld installation. X1.9 Wall Coverings X1.9.1 Whenever an adhesive is used to attach a wall covering, adhesive speci?ed by the manufacturer shall be used in the test in a manner consistent with ?eld practice. X1.9.2 Mount wall coverings intended for application to either a noncombustible wall surface or to gypsum wallboard in accordance with X1.9.4. Wall covering tested over gypsum wallboard in accordance with X1.9.4 need not be retested over ?ber-cement board. X1.9.3 Mount wall coverings intended for application directly to a noncombustible wall surface to 1?4 in. (6.3 mm)?ber-cement board. X1.9.4 Mount wall coverings intended to be applied over gypsum wallboard to 5?8 in. (15.9 mm) Type X gypsum wallboard complying with Speci?cation C 1396/C 1396M. There is no need to mount the gypsum wallboard on studs. X1.9.5 Mount wall coverings intended for application over a combustible substrate to one representative of that substrate. X1.9.6 Mount wall coverings not intended to be adhered directly to a wall surface, but hung or otherwise supported by framing or a track system, in a manner that is representative of their installation. Where this is not practical, support the sample on netting placed on metal rods as provided in X1.1.2.2 and X1.1.2.3. X1.10 Mounting Method for Textile Materials X1.10.1 When the surface burning characteristics of the material itself are required, specimens shall be mounted on ?ber-cement board with high temperature bonding mortar. In the event the specimen cannot be adhered using high temperature bonding mortar, a two-part epoxy adhesive has been found9 The use of galvanized steel screening normally lowers the ?ame spread index values obtained for some materials that are tested in this manner and, therefore, the results do not necessarily relate directly to values obtained for other materials mounted without galvanized steel screening.FIG. X1.2 Steel Frame for Loose Fill Materials13E 84 C 06to be a suitable alternative. The application shall be determined by a 3?32-in. (2.4-mm) notched trowel held at an 80 to 90° angle using a random pattern. The adhesive shall be applied only to the specimen back. The specimen shall then be placed on the smooth side of the ?ber-cement board and rolled using a 100-lb (45.4-kg) roller (nominal 5-in. (127-mm) diameter, three 5-in. long sections placed end to end for a total length of 15 in. (381 mm). The prepared samples can be dead stacked overnight but should be transferred to separate storage racks until tested. Each sample shall be vacuumed prior to test. X1.10.2 Due to the physical nature of some materials, neither the use of a 3?32-in. (2.4-mm) notched trowel nor that of a 100-lb (45.4-kg) roller is appropriate. In such instances, apply the adhesive using a 3?8-in. (9.5-mm) napped paint roller. Remove all wrinkles and air pockets, using pressure from a clean, dry 1?4-in. (6.4-mm) napped paint roller taking care not to force the adhesive into the specimen, or to stretch or physically deform the specimen. A suitable alternative for pressure application is a ?at 12-in. (305-mm) brush with 1-in. (25.4-mm) nylon bristles. X1.10.2.1 Due to the porosity or density of some materials, application of the adhesive using either the notched trowel or the 100-lb (45.4-kg) roller, or both, will force the adhesive into and through the specimen causing “bleed through.” In such instances, the ?ame spread and smoke developed indices obtained would not necessarily relate to indices obtained by testing without such in?uence. X1.10.2.2 Due to the mechanical action of the trowel, severe stretching or physical deformation of some materials will occur, especially true with some knitted products. Deformation of a specimen results in a different area weight and density, and thereby in?uences the fuel load contributed by the specimen. In such instances, the ?ame spread and smoke developed indices obtained would not necessarily relate to indices obtained by testing without such in?uence. X1.10.2.3 If, due to the physical nature of the material, it is not possible to apply the adhesive to the specimen back, apply the adhesive to the smooth side of the ?ber-cement board and bond the specimen as directed in X1.10.1 or X1.10.2. X1.10.3 Textile materials intended for application to walls or ceilings should be mounted in accordance with X1.9.X2. DERIVATION OF FLAME SPREAD AREA FORMULAS APPEARING IN 8.1X2.1 Introduction X2.1.1 This appendix contains an abbreviated discussion of the derivations of the ?ame spread area formulas used to calculate the ?ame spread index in this test method. This appendix will show not only the derivations of the formulas, but will illustrate the relationship between this method of ?ame spread calculation and a previous method. X2.1.2 In these calculations, it is assumed that the ?ame front never recedes. Hence, in Fig. 8 there is an imaginary line bounding the upper edge of area A2. X2.2 Formula 1―Constant X2.2.1 In Fig. X2.1, an idealized straight-line ?ame spreaddistance-time plot is drawn. Lines OA, OA8, and OA9 produce a family of areas ORA having a maximum possible area of 97.5 ft?min (1?2 by 10 min by 19.5 ft). These represent a steady progression of the ?ame front to a maximum distance at the end of the 10-min test. X2.2.2 When the ?ame front spreads its maximum distance (19.5 ft) in 10 min, a formula used in Test Method E 84 would yield the following:550 550 FSI 5 t 5 10 5 55 (X2.1)X2.2.3 Also, when the ?ame front is maximized at 19.5 ft in 10 min, the area in Fig. X2.1 ORA is maximized to 97.5 ft?min.FIG. X2.1 Idealized Straight-Line Flame Spread Distance-Time Curve for Total Areas Less than or Equal to 97.5 min?ft14E 84 C 06X2.2.4 To relate the current formula, which is of the straight line, origin intercept form, to the previous (Test Method E 84) formula, it is necessary to equate the two as follows:550 FSI 5 t 5 KA (X2.2) K K K FSI 5 OIA 5 195 2 ORBI 5 195 2 A (X2.7)Twhere: K AT If ATX2.3.3 To establish K, a relationship between the current and the previous Test Method E 84 formulas will be established at the red oak calibration point of 19.5 ft progression at 5.5 min as follows:550 K FSI 5 t 5 195 2 A T (X2.8)= proportionality constant for equations of the current formula’s type, and = total area under area ORA. = 97.5 ft?min at t = 10 min, then550 FSI 5 100 5 K 3 97.5, and 550 K 5 10 3 97.5 5 0.564 (X2.3)where: = 195 ? (9.75 (5.5)) = 141.38 ft?min, and AT t = 5.5 min. Thus:550 K FSI 5 5.5 5 195 2 141.38 , or K 5 550 3 ~53.63! 5
(X2.9)(X2.4)X2.3 Formula 2―Constant X2.3.1 In the idealized straight-line ?ame spread distancetime curve of Fig. X2.2, lines OI, OI8, and OI9 produce a family of trapezoidal areas ORBI ranging from 97.5 to 195 ft?min (1?2 by 10 min by 19.5 ft to 10 min by 19.5 ft). This represents a ?ame front progression to the end of the specimen within the 10 min of the test. The area (AT) of ORBI may be expressed as follows:X2.4 Formulas 1 and 2 X2.4.1 To account for the disproportionate increase which can occur in FSI values at the lower end of the index scale, for K = 0.564 in Formula 1 and 5363 in Formula 2, a further mathematical modi?cation is made. X2.4.2 In order to establish a relationship between the constants (K) in X2.2 and X2.3, it is necessary to consider the form of the basic formulae, which are as follows:K1 FSI 5 195 2 A ~A . K2!TS1 1 2 by 19.5 by OR 1 2 by 19.5 by ~102AI!D SD(X2.5)which is equal to:195 2 9.75 AI (X2.6)(X2.10)since OR is always 10 min. X2.3.2 The triangular area OIA divided into a proportionality constant K will determine a relationship between ?ame spread indexes and the rate and distance of ?ame propagation. The total area available is 195 ft?min, hence area OIA is equal to 195 ? ORBI. Thus, a new ?ame spread index formula may be derived as follows:FSI 5 K3AT ~A, K2!where: K1 = 100 (195 ? R), R = the area associated under the curve that is to be associated with an index of 100, K2 = an arbitrary choice within the limits of 0 and 195, andFIG. X2.2 Idealized Straight-Line Flame Spread Distance-Time Curve for Total Areas Greater than 97.5 min?ft15E 84 C 06K3 = K1/(K2[195 ? K2]). X2.4.3 Choosing K2 = 195/2 produces a minimum value of K3, that is, any other K2 value will result in a higher K3 value, and choosing R, the area under a red oak calibration plot, as a median value of 146, implies the following:K1 5 100 ~195 2 146! 5 4900 (X2.11) K3 5
3 97.5! 5 0.515 (X2.12)X2.4.5 Thus, the formula for ?ame spread index in 8.1.2 is as follows:FSI 5 0.515 AT (X2.13)X2.4.6 Thus, the formula for ?ame spread index in 8.1.3 is as follows:4900 FSI 5 195 2 A (X2.14)TX2.4.4 Then using 97.5 as the value for K2, K3 would be:X3. GUIDE TO HANDLING MULTIPLE TEST DATAX3.1 Introduction X3.1.1 The following is a recommended procedure for average ?ame spread index and smoke developed index results: X3.2 Flame Spread Index (FSI) X3.2.1 Average the individual calculated ?ame-spread values determined in accordance with 9.1, then round the average to the nearest multiple of 5 points. The rounded average is the FSI. X3.3 Smoke Developed Index (SDI)-Average Smoke Value 200 or Under X3.3.1 Average the individual calculated smoke developed values determined in accordance with 9.2. If the average is 200or lower, round the average to the nearest multiple of 5 points. The rounded average is considered the SDI. X3.4 Smoke Developed Index (SDI)-Average Smoke Value Over 200 X3.4.1 Average the individual calculated smoke developed values determined in accordance with 9.2. If the average is over 200, round the average to the nearest multiple of 50 points. The rounded average is the SDI.X4. COMMENTARYX4.1 Introduction X4.1.1 This commentary has been prepared to provide the user of Test Method E 84 with background information, including literature references, on the development and use of this test method. It also provides the reader and user with the basis for the methods that have been used for deriving numerical ? an appreciation of the var and comments on its application and limitations for testing selected types of materials. X4.1.2 On Nov. 28,
people died in a ?re in the Boston Coconut Grove Nightclub. On June 5, 1946, 61 persons died in the La Salle Street Hotel ?re. On Dec. 7, 1946, a ?re in the Winecoff Hotel in Atlanta, Ga., claimed the lives of 119 persons. These ?res had one thing in common. In all three ?res, rapid ?ame spread along the surfaces of interior ?nish was judged to be a major factor in the spread of ?re. Two had burlap wall coverings, and the other an early type of plywood which seriously delaminated. The ?re protection authorities investigated several test methods with the objective of providing one that could be used to regulate interior ?nish materials and minimize repetition of such ?res. These tests included: The Forest Products Laboratory Fire Tube Test (now Test Method E 69); Federal Speci?cation SS A118b (acoustical tile/bunsen burner test) (replaced by SS-A-118a-7/63-referencing Test Method E 84); New York City Timber Test and Shavings Test (now obsolete); Crib Test-Speci?cation C 160 C 41 T (now16Test Method E 160); and The Swedish Schlyter Test. (1)10 All of these were relatively small laboratory tests. Test Method E 84 was developed on the premise that a large test would provide a more realistic and comprehensive test, and it has since been widely adopted for use by the building code authorities to regulate the use of interior ?nish materials. Subsequently during this same period, two other test methods were developed for use in research and development of new materials, the NBS Radiant Panel (Test Method E 162) and the FPL 8-ft tunnel (Test Method E 286). These test methods have been widely used for research and development purposes. X4.2 History of Test Method E 84 X4.2.1 The ?rst “tunnel-type” furnace was built at Underwriters Laboratories around 1922 when “?re-proo?ng” paints and speci?cally “white wash” were actively promoted. The equipment consisted of a long bench with a noncombustible top. The sample consisted of a wood trough about 16 ft long, 18 in. wide, and 18 in. deep (5.568 m long, 0.522 m wide, and 0.522 m deep), placed upside down on the bench. The inside of the trough was coated with the paint. A known quantity of wood at one end furnished the ignition source. X4.2.2 In 1927 and 1928, chemically impregnated wood was being developed, and Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.,10 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this test method.E 84 C 06used a tunnel 36 in. wide, 23 ft long, and 13 in. deep (1.044 m wide, 8 m long, and 0.377 m deep) to evaluate its performance. It was during this time that red oak ?ooring was selected as a control to calibrate the furnace. The sample formed the top of the tunnel. The fuel and draft were also controlled. X4.2.3 In the early 1940’s, a desire to reduce ?ammability of wood-based products, and the introduction of new building materials and combinations of materials brought about the need to further improve the tunnel. The development of the third tunnel furnace is explained fully in Underwriters Laboratories Bulletin of Research No. 32 (2). Subsequent re?nements were incorporated, and the ?rst formal test method was published as Standard U.L. 723 by Underwriters Laboratories in August 1950. Revised editions were published in , , and 1979. The National Fire Protection Association adopted the method as NFPA No. 255 in 1955 with revisions in , , 1972, and 1979. The test was adopted by the American Society for Testing and Materials as a tentative standard in 1950 and formally adopted in 1961 with revisions made in , 1970, and from 1975 through 1980. X4.2.4 The tunnel has been designated the “Steiner Tunnel” by Underwriters Laboratories in honor of Albert J. Steiner (3) who had spent much time developing this and many other ?re test methods. X4.2.5 Since 1950 the ?ame spread properties of materials, as measured by this method have been reported as ratings, classi?cations, or indices. The last is considered more indicative of the nature of the results and is the present terminology used in the standard. The original method of determining “?ame spread index” was based on either the ratio of the time at which ?ames traveled the full tunnel length or the partial ?ame travel distance relative to that of red oak. In 1968, a change was made in the FSI calculation to account for an anomaly between results for ?ame spread greater than or less than 131?2 ft. In 1976, the ?ame spread index was changed to an area basis (4). Here the total area under the distance-time curve, ignoring any ?ame-front recession, was compared to a prescribed area typical of red oak ?ooring. The current calculation method (see Appendix X2) uses a formula that takes the rate of ?ame travel into account. X4.2.6 The sensitivity study by Endicott and Bowhay (5) in 1970 has led to a concerted effort by the “ASTM tunnel operators group” to address concerns identi?ed by the report. Since 1975 a series of changes have been speci?ed in the standard. These include de?ning duration of furnace preheating, the incorporation of a ?oor thermocouple, as well as more closely specifying details of furnace construction and standardization. X4.2.7 Particular attention is being paid to the re?nement of the apparatus and procedure involved in the measurement of the smoke generated during testing. Round-robin tests that have been conducted to date have indicated large differences in smoke developed values for interlaboratory tests on replicate specimens. X4.2.8 Some of these revisions include standardization of the smoke-density measuring equipment, its location in the exhaust duct, and its orientation. The measurement of smoke1