东印度公司还在吗有大炮吗?

关于英国东印度公司独角兽号上的18磅红衣大炮
&&&&&十多年前黄老师(黄一农)在北京军事博物馆前看到一门有三桅帆船徽饰的炮(英国东印度公司的记号),发现那是英国东印度公司船隻UNICORN(独角兽)号的船砲。这第一艘到达中国的英国船隻,它沉没在中国沿海。
&&&没有国家会将武器传授给其他国,船坚力炮是他们赖以征服东方的东西,因此才可能继续贸易或征服他国。当时人们没有足够的水文与气象资讯所以对水途航线感到恐惧。早期葡萄牙从印度洋到达东方,接着是佔领美洲的西班牙从太平洋过来,因此他们首先佔领菲律宾马尼拉,这也是为什麽菲律宾是天主教。当时他们为了获得更多赞助,所以用当时西班牙王子菲利浦的名字替当地命名为菲律宾。1600年荷兰东印度公司成立,英国东印度公司在1602年成立。他们到了东南亚找到了香料,但继续往北走寻求更精緻的东西。国外船隻到达中国东南沿海,后来到了澳门,甚至到日本。南亚区域是上一波贸易全球化出现的地方。
&&&当时英国和荷兰签约联盟打击葡萄牙和西班牙,「独角兽号」和「皇家詹姆仕号」从东南亚出发往北进发,要将此项消息带到日本。当时为了安全起见都尽量沿着海岸航行,这两艘船的航线是从东南亚沿着中南半岛,经过海南岛和两广,穿越台湾海峡,往北到日本长崎。航行到澳门附近时看到一艘葡萄牙船,就发动攻击想要抢取船上的货物,没想到却发生了极为强烈的台风,于是两艘船都在广东沿海的阳江沉没。
根据以上的资料,可以猜想宁远之役所用的红夷大砲很可能是从这两艘船沉没的地点打捞上来的。但是当时并没有潜水设备,就算可以潜到海底看到船骸,也无法将固定在船身上的砲解开。惊人的是,当时中国南方有一些非常聪明的知识份子,凭着最简单的物理原理,达成了这项不可能的任务。
邓士亮在历史上没没无名,但他可能是十七世纪最好的打捞专家。他先在万曆跟泰昌交接之际捞起三十多门砲,其中二十二门于天启二年运到了京城,数年后又在广东沿海捞起两门砲,关于打捞的过程邓氏也留有详尽的记载。天启五年(1625
年)邓氏在海边巡视时,有人偶然间在海边拾获铁弹,经过一个多月的打捞发现水底的沉船上有大砲。邓氏安排一艘船开到沉船的正上方,在船上设置起重架,并在此艘船上装满土石重压水面,派人带着固定在起重架上的鍊子,潜水下去将鍊子绑在大砲的铳耳上。将鍊子拉紧后,将船上的土石抛弃,利用浮力让大炮与沉船的船身分离,然后用「天车」将大跑绞上来。天车的主要结构是滑轮,所以四个人就可以用天车绞起数吨重的大砲。滑轮是西方的发明,在明末由传教士带入中国。
&&&在讲到这段历史时,可以窥见当时第一波全球化的过程。在几百年前,台湾附近的海域就已经有很多活动了,只是我们往往忽略了这个面向。
&&&黄一农不是学历史出身,半路出家的业余历史爱好者,网上传言,宁远大捷中,袁崇焕使用的红夷大炮就是独角兽上的18磅长炮,传来传去,没有一个人给出过具体的考证,都对黄一农的说法深信不疑。
&但我查询英文资料,却找不出这回事,英国历史上叫独角兽的战舰有,那是18世纪的船(丁丁历险记里也有海盗船叫独角兽号,法国也有这个名字的战舰),更没有沉没,叫“皇家詹姆斯”的船也有,但没有沉没在中国。
& &HMS Royal James (1675)
Name: HMS Royal James
Ordered: 1 April 1673
Builder: Daniel Furzer, Portsmouth Dockyard
Launched: 27 June 1675
Renamed: HMS Victory, 1691
Honours andawards: Participated
in:&&Battle of Barfleur
Fate: Burnt, 1721
General characteristics as built
Class and type: 100-gun first rate ship of the line
Tons burthen:
tons (1444.6 tonnes)
Length: 132 ft (40 m) (keel)
Beam: 45 ft (14 m)
Depth of hold: 18 ft 4 in (5.59 m)
Propulsion: Sails
Sail plan: Full rigged ship
Armament: 100 guns of various weights of shot
General characteristics after 1695 rebuild
Class and type: 100-gun first rate ship of the line
Tons burthen: 1486 tons (1509.8 tonnes)
Length: 163 ft 1 in (49.71 m) (gundeck),135 ft 11¼ in (41.4 m)
Beam: 45 ft 4 in (13.82 m)
Depth of hold: 18 ft 6 in (5.64 m)
Propulsion: Sails
Sail plan: Full rigged ship
Armament: 100 guns of various weights of shot
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&&&皇家詹姆斯是一艘装备一百门大炮的一级舰,1675年下水,1721年焚毁。
& & HMS Unicorn was a 32-gun
fifth-rate Pallas-class frigate of the Royal Navy, launched in 1794
at Chatham. This frigate served in both the French Revolutionary
Wars and the Napoleonic Wars, including a medal action early in her
career. She was broken up in 1815.
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英国海军的一艘独角兽号,是一艘装备32门大炮的五级舰,建于1794年,1815年沉没。
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以下是英国所有独角兽号风帆战舰的资料
HMS Unicorn
Eleven ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Unicorn,
after the mythological creature, the unicorn:
HMS Unicorn was a 36-gun ship captured from Scotland in 1544 and
sold in 1555
HMS Unicorn was a 56-gun ship launched in 1634 and sold in
HMS Unicorn or Little Unicorn was an 18-gun fire ship originally in
Dutch service as the Eenhoorn. She was captured in 1665 and
expended in 1666
HMS Unicorn was a 6-gun purchased in 1666 and sunk as a blockship
at Chatham in June 1667
HMS Unicorn was a 28-gun sixth rate launched in 1748 and broken up
HMS Unicorn was a 20-gun post ship launched in 1776 and captured by
the French ship Andromaque in 1780. She was recaptured as Licorne
in 1781 and was broken up in 1814
HMS Unicorn was a 36-gun fifth rate launched in 1782. She was
renamed HMS Thalia in 1783 and was broken up in 1814
HMS Unicorn was a 32-gun fifth rate launched in 1794 and broken up
HMS Unicorn is a Leda-class frigate, launched in 1824 and converted
to a powder hulk in 1860. She was a Royal Naval Reserve drill ship
from 1873. She was renamed Unicorn II in 1913 and Cressy from 1941
until 1959. She was handed over to a preservation society in 1968
and is preserved in Dundee as a museum ship
HMS Unicorn was an aircraft maintenance carrier launched in 1941
and broken up in 1960
HMS Unicorn was an Upholder-class submarine launched in 1992. She
was sold to Canada in 2001 and renamed HMCS Windsor
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英国历史上共有11艘叫独角兽号的战舰,但没有一艘沉没于中国海域;而且1620年,也没有一艘独角兽号来过中国。
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