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, 博士　　指導教授：李致毅　　
受惠於製程技術的進步，互補式金氧半導體(CMOS)元件的截止頻率已經超過100 GHz，由於其具有功率消耗小，容易與數位電路整合等特性，使得在CMOS製程上實現通訊前端類比電路成為一個相當有競爭力以及吸引力的方式。在另一方面，隨著通訊產業的發展，人們互相交流的資訊量也日益增加，對於通訊電路的需求也越來越大，也越來越要求低成本以及低功耗。故本論文將以使用CMOS製程製作之高速類比通訊電路為主題，討論包含應用於有線通訊以及高頻無線通訊的電路設計。在有線通訊方面，我們將討論我們在高速背版通訊收發機、改善鎖相迴路雜訊，以及高速介面電路等三方面的研究。而在高頻無線通訊電路方面，我們將呈現我們在60-GHz 無線收發機的晶片設計以及模組整合的成果。
在第二章中，我們首先將對背版通訊收發機作一研究分析。隨著操作頻率的提升，通道衰減所造成的影響也日益嚴重，我們將對常用的前饋式等化器，以及決策回饋式等化器的能力作一探討，討論在不同係數數量下，對於等化器所帶來的影響。而後，我們也對全速以及半速架構在傳送端以及接收端下的優缺點進行分析討論。在瞭解等化器的特性後，我們設計了一個半速傳送機以及全速的接收機，利用先進CMOS製程的優點，設法大量使用數位化電路，降低電感的使用量，並配合提出的新式決策回饋式等化器，來達到降低功率消耗，提升傳輸距離等目的。此電路利用65-nm CMOS製程設計製作，在僅87 mW的功率消耗下，可以21-Gb/s的速度在40-cm FR4 通道的傳輸距離。
緊接著，我們對於次諧波注入鎖定式鎖相迴路進行討論研究。雖然注入鎖定技巧已被大量使用在壓震盪器以及除法器的頻率鎖定上，但是其與鎖相迴路的結合使用卻鮮為人知，而過往的文獻也缺乏完整的理論分析驗證。也因此，我們在此主題中，分析研究了次諧波注入鎖定的情形，並利用實體晶片做完整的理論測試，而後利用此技術，實作了兩個鎖相迴路，大幅改善鎖相迴路雜訊，達到目前所知最低雜訊的高速(20-GHz附近)的鎖相迴路。在第四章中，我們也將此技術整合至一40-Gb/s的發送機。40-Gb/s 為以太網路適用的頻率，過往大多使用III-V族製程。在此電路中，我們採用半速架構，來解決CMOS頻寬不足的問題，同時配合多樣的頻寬增強技巧，降低功率消耗。而採用的次諧波注入鎖定式鎖相迴路，可提供一乾淨的半速時脈，大幅降低輸出的資料抖動。此晶片使用90-nm CMOS製程製作，可提供4:1的多工器功能，在1.5 V電壓下消耗325 mW，達到454 fs,rms 輸出資料抖動，為目前CMOS發表的最低資料抖動。
論文最後討論到無線60-GHz收發機的技術，作為下一代室內高速資料或影音傳輸的規格，我們期望製作出低功率，低成本的收發機模組。在此研究中，我們不僅將前端電路完全整合，也利用類比式的頻率鍵移調變技術來收發資料來達到降低電路功率以及電路複雜度的目的，其中在解調器部分，我們提出一自動頻率追蹤的方法，可有效提升解調器的靈敏度。配合使用電路印刷版製作的天線，以及覆晶封裝技術，完整製作了60-GHz的收發模組。此60-GHz 的頻率鍵移調變收發機在1 Gb/s的資料傳輸量下，傳輸距離可達1公尺。
Along with the improvement of process, the cutoff frequency of CMOS devices has exceeded 100 GHz. Because CMOS features its low power and high integration, it is very attractive to implement analog front-end circuit for communication in CMOS. The development of the communication industry also encourages people exchange information. The increasing demand of high-speed communication drives us to study on the CMOS design for low-cost and low-power communication. This thesis will discuss about our research results of the circuit design for high-speed communication in CMOS. In wireline communication, we focus on high-speed backplane transceiver, improving phase noise of the PLL, and high-speed I/O circuits. On the other hand, we are also devoted to developing 60-GHz wireless transceiver design and the module integration.
In chapter 2, we will give an analysis on the backplane transceiver. With the increasing of operation frequency, the channel loss becomes more serious, and thus equalizers have been widely adopted in transceiver design. As a result, we will discuss the limitation of FFE and DFE at first, addressing the effect of the tap number of the equalizers. After that, the benefits of full-rate and half-rate architectures in transmitter and receiver will be described in detail as well. Understanding the properties of the equalizers, we present a half-rate transmitter and full-rate receiver. With the advance CMOS process, we use digital circuit as much as possible to reduce the requirement of the inductance. Incorporating with novel DFE, the power consumption can be reduced significantly but the communication distance can be increased. Designed in 65-nm CMOS, the transceiver can deliver 21-Gb/s data over 40-cm FR4 channel with 87 mW.
Following that, we will talk about the subharmonically injection-locking PLL design. Although injection locking technique has been widely used in VCO and divider, only few works have present the combination of injection locking with PLL. To fully understand the subharmonically injection locking, we gives a complete analysis and theory verification in silicon in this chapter. We also apply this powerful technique to two 20-GHz PLLs, achieving the lowest phase-noise high-frequency (around 20 GHz) PLL. In the chapter 4, we also apply this technique to a 40-Gb/s transmitter. To achieve bandwidth requirement, we adopt half-rate structure in this design. Triple-peaking technique is also applied to speed up the circuit operation. With a subharmonically injection-locking CMU, the output data jitter has been reduced as well as power has been saved. Designed and fabricated in 90-nm CMOS technology, this chip provides 4:1 multiplexing and achieves 454 fs,rms output data jitter while consuming only 325 mW from a 1.5-V supply.
Finally, we will present the design of 60-GHz transceiver for wireless communication. As an indoor high-speed data or video communication standard, we are looking for a low-power and low-cost transceiver solution. In this topic, not only integrating the front-end circuit, we also adopt analog FSK modem to achieve data communication, which saves considerable power by reducing circuit complexity. A background frequency-tracking topology is also proposed to improve the sensitivity of the FSK demodulator. With the on-board folded-dipole antenna, we arrive at a fully-integrated 60-GHz module with flip-chip technique. The transceiver can deliver 1 Gb/s data over 1 m.
D-L. Chen and M. Baker, “A 1.25Gb/s, 460mW CMOS Transceiver for Serial Data Comunication,” IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ISSCC) Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 242-243, Feb. 1997.
[2] C-K. Yang et al., “A 0.6μm CMOS 4Gb/s Transceiver with Data Recovery using Oversampling,” Symp. VLSI Circuits Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 71-72, June 1997.
[3] R. Gu et al., “A 0.5-3.5Gb/s Low-Power Low-Jitter Serial Data CMOS Transceiver,” IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ISSCC) Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 352-353, Feb. 1999.
[4] R. Farjad-Rad et al., “A 0.3-μm CMOS 8-Gb/s 4-PAM Serial Link Transceiver,” Symp. VLSI Circuits Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 41-44, June 1999.
[5] G. Besten, “Embedded Low-Cost 1.2Gb/s Inter-IC Serial Data Link in 0.35μm CMOS,” IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ISSCC) Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 250-251, Feb. 2000.
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, 碩士　　指導教授：陳瑞芬　　
越來越多的研究成果顯示受γ-胺基丁酸(GABA)活化的突觸外圍之γ-胺基丁酸受體(GABAARs)會對所位在的神經元有持續性抑制的作用，並控制此神經元的興奮性。位在疑核(NA)的心臟迷走神經元(CVNs)是控制心跳的主要動作神經元；而分泌正腎上腺素的A7核區兒茶酚胺神經元(A7 neurons)會透過在脊索神經背角釋放正腎上腺素(NA)來調節痛覺的敏感度，綜多研究也顯示出GABA在控制CVNs (來自孤束核(NTS))及A7 neurons (來自分泌GABA之周邊中間神經元)的興奮性上是扮演重要的角色的，且這些神經元是接受非常強烈之釋放GABA的神經傳入影響。在CVNs和A7 neurons上除了有負責調控即效姓抑制的GABAARs與甘胺酸受體(GlyRs)之外，還有處於突觸外圍負責調控持續性抑制的GABAARs存在，這本篇論文中，我們想要更進一步辨認並比較在CVNs和A7 neurons上到底是由哪些GABAARs次單元組成來調節持續性抑制作用的。首先我們把逆向螢光追蹤染劑施打在大鼠(7~10天大)的圍心膜內側，經過約48小時的術後回復後就把腦幹做冠狀切面，然後在螢光顯微鏡下找到這些被螢光標訂的CVNs，做完電生理實驗後就用玻璃電極把細胞吸起，而後將其溶解並使用Nanoprep Kit來抽取它們的mRNA，經歷過標準的單細胞逆轉錄聚合酶鏈反應(single-cell RT-PCR)程序後即可分析它們GABAARs次單元表現情況。A7 neurons的實驗程序也是跟CVNs一樣的，它們坐落在大鼠(7~10天大)腦幹矢狀切面之三叉動作神經核(Mo5)約200 μm的前方並擁有蠻大的細胞本體(直徑約20 μm)。先前就有研究指出有功能的突觸外圍GABAARs可能是由α1、α5、γ1、γ2、δ或ε次單元所組成，所以我們就檢驗這些次單元在兩種神經元上的表現情形，並進一步分析收集到的總共77個被螢光標記的CVNs及33個A7 neurons的GABAARs次單元組成，其中只有35個CVNs與27個A7 neurons各別同時表現了膽鹼乙醯轉移酶(CAT)和多巴胺β羥化酶(DBH)兩種細胞標誌蛋白。在所有CVNs裡，α1次單元是被偵測到最多的，α5、γ1、γ2和ε次單元的表現量次之，而δ次單元的量是最稀少的；這結果與A7 neurons有些相似，不過其γ2次單元的表現量也非常高。以上結果同樣地與我們的電生理實驗數據相符，GABAARs在兩種神經元上所調控的持續姓抑制電流都可被zolpidem (α1、γ次單元的協同劑)強化，並皆能被picrotoxin (GABAARs抑制劑)所阻礙，而在受α5、δ次單元協同劑的影響下電流並沒有顯著的變化，總而言之，這些結果說明了α1次單元在調節CVNs與A7 neurons之GABAARs的持續姓抑制作用上扮演了一關鍵性的角色。
A growing number of reports have demonstrated that GABA acting on extrasynaptic GABAA receptors (GABAARs) exerts strong tonic inhibition in the target neurons, thereby controls the neuronal excitability. The cardiac vagal neurons (CVNs) in nucleus ambiguus (NA) is the principal motor neurons that control hart rate, and the noradrenergic (NAergic) A7 neurons are involved in modulating nociception by releasing noradrenaline in the dorsal spinal cord. It is proposed that GABA plays an important role in control excitability of CVNs (from NTS) and A7 neurons (from local GABAergic interneurons), these neurons receive very strong GABAergic inputs. In addition to phasic inhibitions mediated by GABAA and glycine receptors, evidences for existence of extrasynaptic GABAAR-mediated tonic inhibition in CVNs and A7 neurons have been provided. In this study, I wish to further characterize and compare what subunits of GABAARs are responsible to tonic GABAARs mediated current in these two nucleus. CVNs were retrograde-labeled by fluorescent tracer applied to pericardiac cavity in rats (P7-10 days). After surgery, the animals were allowed to survive for 48 hours and the transverse brainstem slices were cut. The fluorescent labeled CVNs were searched under fluorescent microscope and picked up by a grass pipette after electrophysiological experiments. They were lysed and the mRNA was extracted using Nanoprep Kit. Standard RT-PCR procedures were employed for analysis of expression profile of GABAAR subunits in CVNs. The procedure of A7 neurons were same as CVNs. They had a large somata diameter (~20 μm) located ~200 μm rostral to the trigeminal motor nucleus (the presumed A7 area) in sagittal brainstem slices in rats (P7-10 days). Since it has been reported that functional extrasynaptic GABAARs may consist of α1, α5, δ, γ1, γ2, and ε subunit, expression of these subunits was examined in both neurons. A total number of 77 fluorescent labeled CVNs and 33 A7 neurons were collected and subjected to GABAARs analysis. Only 35 of CVNs and 27 of A7 neurons expressed cholineacetyltransferase (ChAT) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH). In all of the CVNs, α1 subunits were detected mostly, α5, γ1, γ2, ε but less the δ subunits were also detected. The results of A7 neurons were similar as CVNs but the expression of γ2 subunits were also abundant. These results are consistent with our previously electrophysiological results, in which picrotoxin sensitive tonic GABAAR current was enhanced by zolpidem, an α1 and γ subunit agonist, and not by drug acting at α5 or δ subunits. Taken together, the present results suggest a role for α1 subunit in mediating tonic GABAAR-mediated inhibition in CVNs and A7 neurons.
Akk G, Steinbach JH (2000) Activation and block of recombinant GABA(A) receptors by pentobarbitone: a single-channel study. Br J Pharmacol 130:249-258.
Ali AB, Thomson AM (2008) Synaptic alpha 5 subunit-containing GABAA receptors mediate IPSPs elicited by dendrite-preferring cells in rat neocortex. Cereb Cortex 18:.
Ariwodola OJ, Weiner JL (2004) Ethanol potentiation of GABAergic synaptic transmission may be self-limiting: role of presynaptic GABA(B) receptors. J Neurosci 24:.
Bai D, Zhu G, Pennefather P, Jackson MF, MacDonald JF, Orser BA (2001) Distinct functional and pharmacological properties of tonic and quantal inhibitory postsynaptic currents mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) receptors in hippocampal neurons. Mol Pharmacol 59:814-824.
Bajic D, Proudfit HK (1999) Projections of neurons in the periaqueductal gray to pontine and medullary catecholamine cell groups involved in the modulation of nociception. J Comp Neurol 405:359-379.
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是數位物件識別碼
為物件在網路上的唯一識別碼，可用於永久連結並引用目標物件。
使用DOI作為永久連結
每個DOI號前面加上
便成為永久網址。
如以DOI號為
10.5297/ser.
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引用含有DOI的文獻
有DOI的文獻在引用時皆應同時引用DOI。若使用APA、Chicago以外未規範DOI的引用格式，可引用DOI永久連結。
DOI可強化引用精確性、增強學術圈連結，並給予使用者跨平台的良好使用經驗，目前在全世界已有超過五千萬個物件申請DOI。
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, 博士　　指導教授：張憲彰　　
近十年來，一維奈米材料場效應生物感測器逐漸成功地被實現，成為對特定待測物具有高專一、高選擇以及高靈敏度的感測元件。二氧化鈦 (TiO2)材料具有穩定之物理與化學特性，也具有容易製備之優點，然而文獻上探討以TiO2奈米材料作為奈米場效應感測器應用元件之研究仍相當有限，因此本論文以開發一維TiO2奈米材料的場效應電晶體元件為目標，並藉由具較低導電度的高分子polypyrrole propylic acid (PPa) 將抗體固定在奈米線(NW)的表面，且探討了其相對應的抗原之專一性檢測。本研究中所開發的TiO2奈米線感測器，依功能可分為三型，且每一型的開發皆經四個階段：含奈米線的合成、元件的開發組裝、生物分子的固定，以及材料與感測器特性的分析。其中TiO2 NWs是藉由TiO2奈米粉末在強鹼中經水熱法反應合成，所得長度與直徑分別為10 ~ 20 ?m與40 ~ 50 nm，並沈積固定於有SiO2之Si基板的金屬電極區域之間，再透過PPa或APTMS將anti-rabbit IgG (1oAb)固定在TiO2表面。量測時，加入不同濃度rabbit IgG (2oAb)，待其反應後清洗與乾燥後進行檢測。透過紀錄元件直流電流響應變化，藉此了解NW、1oAb與2oAb結合之間的關係。研究之中場效應架構的感測元件，對2oAb之濃度有pg/mL等級的檢測靈敏度，亦具有良好的專一性與選擇性。此外，相同架構的元件，以葡萄糖為碳源在TiO2 NWs表面摻雜少量的碳，可使元件具有吸收可見光之能力，並發現藉由光電效應提高元件的檢測極限，亦可以降低元件內部雜訊產生的響應。未來若配搭予適當光敏性生物分子的感測組合，當可再開啟有趣的研究新頁。
Over the last decade, one-dimensional nanomaterial field effect transistor (FET) biosensors have been successfully developed from concepts into highly selective, specific and sensitive devices that are capable of detecting numerous specific targets. However, research empirically documenting the relationships between TiO2 nanomaterials and its applications on FET nanobiosensors is scanty, although it is a good stability material and easy to manufacture. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to attempt to develop TiO2 nanowires (NWs) FET devices through the immobilization of biomolecules on NW surfaces using polypyrrole propylic acid (PPa) and apply for target biomolecules detection. The TiO2 biosensors we developed can be divided into three models according to their functionalities, and each model is composed of four stages, including NWs synthesis, device development, biomolecule immobilization and characteristic analysis. TiO2 NWs was prepared through a hydrothermal method of NaOH with P25 and connected to Au/Ti microelectrodes on Si/SiO2 substrate. Anti-rabbit IgG (1oAb) was than immobilized onto the NWs surface by PPa or APTMS for specifically recognition of rabbit IgG (2oAb). Correlation between the reacted 2oAb concentration and measured D.C. current were recorded for calculating the linear region and sensitivity of device. The NWs-based non-FET and FET biosensors represent the detecting ability for 2oAb at micro- and pico-gram level, respectively. TiO2 NWs doped with 1 mg/mL glucose showed higher detection sensitivity and signal-to-noise under visible light illumination.
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Li, C., Curreli, M., Lin, H., Lei, B., Ishikawa, F. N., Datar, R., Cote, R. J., Thompson, M. E. and Zhou, C. W.: Complementary detection of prostate-specific antigen using ln2O3 nanowires and carbon nanotubes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127 (36), , 2005.
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