formoterol glycopyrronium中国盾构机生产厂家有厂家生产吗

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Formoterol () or eformoterol (former ) is a
(LABA) used in the management of
and . It is marketed in three forms: a , a
and an inhalation solution, under various trade names including Atock, Atimos/Atimos Modulite, Foradil/Foradile, Oxeze/Oxis, and Perforomist. It is also marketed in the combination formulations
Formoterol has an extended duration of action (up to 12 hours) compared to short-acting β2 agonists such as
(albuterol), which are effective for 4–6 hours. LABAs such as formoterol are used as "symptom controllers" to supplement prophylactic
therapy. A "reliever" short-acting β2 agonist (e.g., ) is still required, since LABAs are not recommended for the treatment of acute asthma.
Inhaled formoterol works like other , causing bronchodilation by relaxing the smooth muscle in the airway so as to treat the exacerbation of asthma.
In November 2005, the US
released a health advisory alerting the public to findings that show the use of long-acting β2 agonists could lead to a worsening of wheezing symptoms in some patients.
At the current time, available long-acting β2 agonists include , formoterol, , and sustained-release oral .
Combinations of inhaled steroids and long-acting bronchodilators are becoming more widespread – combination preparations include
β2 agonists increase energy utilization and fat metabolism, however, therapeutic use for
has been limited by the concomitant activation of
resulting in excessive increases in heart rate. A recent 2012 dose-finding study (in healthy men) demonstrated significantly increased resting energy expenditure, and fat oxidation at a dose of 160 μg of formoterol per day without significantly increased heart rate. Formoterol's specificity for the β2 receptor (relative to β1 receptors) may facilitate its use for this purpose. A combination of a highly selective β2 agonist like formeterol with a low dose highly selective β1 blocker may further improve the differential therapeutic ability to selectively agonize β2 receptors for metabolic benefits in treating obesity without adverse β1 agonist effects.
Formoterol may also help stimulate . Mitochondrial dysfunction is related to many degenerative diseases — particularly neurodegenerative disorders.
Preliminary research offers hope that formoterol may be a useful treatment in . In a mouse model of the disease, the drug strengthened nerve connections in the hippocampus, a brain center used for spatial navigation, paying attention and forming new memories.
Inhaler for a powder based in
and formoterol
Foradil/Foradile
for oral inhalation ( in the U.S.,
rest of world)
Oxeze/Oxis Turbuhaler
Atimos/Atimos Modulite
Perforomist inhalation
((R,R)-(-)-formoterol) — an
compound used in the management of
Combination drugs:
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. . Postmarket Drug Safety Information for Patients and Providers.
Lee, P; Day, RO; Greenfield, JR; Ho, KKY (May 29, 2012). "Formoterol, a highly β2-selective agonist, increases energy expenditure and fat utilisation in men". International Journal of Obesity. 37 (4): 593–597.  .  . :.
Wills, Lauren P; Trager, Richard E; Beeson, Gyda C; Lindsey, Christopher C; Peterson, Yuri K; Beeson, Craig C; Schnellmann, Rick G (April 6, 2012). . The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 342 (1): 106–118.  .   .  . :.
Dang, V Medina, B Das, D Moghadam, S Martin, Kara J.; Lin, B Naik, P Patel, D Nosheny, R Wesson Ashford, J Salehi, Ahmad (February 2014). "Formoterol, a Long-Acting β2 Adrenergic Agonist, Improves Cognitive Function and Promotes Dendritic Complexity in a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome". Biological Psychiatry. 75 (3): 179–188.  .  . :.
Drugs for : / ()
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