如何区别定语从句的关系词是使用that还是where呢？
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如何区别定语从句的关系词是使用that还是where呢？
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【问】 编辑老师，您好，请问在It sometimes happens that people are in a position where they can take an important decision about a person they hate.这句话中，1. happen是什么意思呢？2. 如何区别定语从句的关系词是使用that还是where呢？（辽宁本溪&& 房玉琼）
【答】 我们先来看看这个句子的意思：有时有这样的事发生，人们处在某个位置，这个位置可使他们对所恨的人做出重大的决定。
你的第一个问题中的happen在句中表示“碰巧”，属于句型It happens that...,意为“……碰巧发生”。如：
It happened that I saw her standing by the window. 我碰巧看见她站在窗边。
It happened that I didn't have any time then. 我当时碰巧没时间。
happen常见的用法还有：sth. happens to sb. 某人碰巧发生某事；sb. happens to do sth. 某人碰巧做某事。
注：当happen表示“发生”时，主语就是所发生的事情。如：
The story happened on a cold winter morning. 故事发生在一个寒冷冬天的早晨。
下面我们再来看看你的第二个问题：如何区别定语从句的关系词是使用that还是where。where和that引导限制性定语从句时，都常用来修饰表示地点的名词，但如果前面的名词是表示地点（定语从句中的动词动作所发生的地点）时，用where；如果该名词（先行词）作定语从句中动词的宾语时，则使用that。如：
I know of a place where we can have fun. 我知道一个我们可以玩得开心的地方。(a place表示地点，作状语，即：we can have fun in some place)
Is there a shop around where we can buy fruit? 附近有什么商店可以买到水果吗？(a shop就是地点，说明buy fruit的地方，作状语)
He bought the factory that he visited last year. 他买下了他去年参观过的那家工厂。（the factory就是visited的宾语，表示参观的对象）
同时，where也可引导非限制性定语从句，而习惯上that则不能这样使用。如：
They have gone to Beijing, where they will stay for a week. 他们到北京去了，将在那里待一周。
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【定语从句】：一、基本概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如：Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now?That is the house where he lived ten years ago.定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, who, whom, whose, 关系副词有：when, where, why.二、关系词的用法：（一）关系代词的用法：1． 作主语用who, which和that, 如：He is the man who/that lives next door.The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen.2． 作宾语用whom, who, which, that, 如：The man (whom/who/that) we have just seen is a famous writer.Where is the book (which/that) I bought last week?注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词who whom, that 通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom, 不可省略；用于指物的关系代词which和that 在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。3． 作定语用whose, 如：(a) He is the man whose car was stolen last week.(b) It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.注：“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上a句），又能作宾语（如上b句）。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”，如：They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.. (= the back wall of which)He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. (= whose name)4． 作表语只用that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如：He is no longer the man that he used to be.This is no longer the dirty place (that) it used to be.（二）关系副词的用法：1．when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如：I still remember the time when I first became a college student.Do you know the date when Lincoln was born?注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如：Each time he came, he did his best to help us.But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill.2．where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有：place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等，如：This is the hotel where they are staying.I forget the house where the Smiths lived.注：where有时也可以省略。如：This is the place (where) we met yesterday.3． why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如：That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.注：why时常也可以省略。如：That is the real reason he did it.(三) 使用关系副词应注意下列几点：1． 这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：when = on (in, at, during…) +where = in (at, on…) +why = for which. 如：I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived.The office where (=in which) he works is on the third floor.This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it.2． 当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.I’ll never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.3． when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只能引导限制性定语从句。三．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1．限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。如：This is the telegram which he refers to.Is there anything (that) I can do for you?2．非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，因而不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如：This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago.As a boy, he was always making things, most of which were electric.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where，不可以用that和why。另外，非限制性定语从句从意义上讲，相当于一个并列句，在口语中使用并不普遍，在日常生活中，人们通常用并列句或简单句来表达。如：I told the story to John, who later did it to his brother.= I told the story to John, and he later told it to his brother.Yesterday I happened to see John, who was eager to have a talk with you.= Yesterday I happened to see John and he was eager to have a talk with you.3．两种定语从句的内涵不同，限制性定语从句具有涉他性，而非限制性定语从句具有 唯一性，这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较：All the books there, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him.All the books there that have beautiful pictures in them were written by him.His brother, who is eighteen years old, is a PLA man. （只有一个）His brother who is a PLA man is eighteen years old. （不止一个）4．有时，非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用which或as来引导。如：He passed the exam, which/as he hoped he would.注：（1）as引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。They are hollow, which makes them very light.As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China.（2）从意义上讲，which指前面主句的内容；而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西，因此常译成“就象… …那样”。（3）如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用，则用which，而不用as，如： She stole her friend’s money, which was disgraceful.He tore up my photo, which upset me.5．在正式文体中，以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以in which或 that 引导，如：The way in which you answered the questions was admirable.但在非正式文体中，人们通常省略in which或 that :The way (in which) he spoke to us was suspicious.I don’t like the way (that) you laugh at her.四．关系词的选择1． 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作主语，只能用who 指人，which指物；关系代词做宾语，常用whom（口语中有时用who）指人，which指物，它们都不能用that代替。2． 关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如：Do you know the boy to whom she was talking? Do you know the boy (that) she was talking to?The pencil (which/that) he was writing with suddenly broke.3． 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指物时，关系词可用which或that，二者常可以互换；但在下列情况中，只能用that，不用which：(1)
当先行词是all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing等词时。如：All that can be done has been done.In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours.(2)
当先行词被all, any no, much, little, few, every等限定词所修饰时。如：We heard clearly every word that he said.(3)
当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如：The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets.When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake.(4)
当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容词最高级同时修饰时，如：Is that the best that you can do?That’s the most expensive hotel that we’ve ever stayed in.This novel is the second best one that I have ever read.(5) 当先行词被 the very, the only, the next, the last等所修饰时。如：This is the very book that I want to find.(6) 当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如：The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace.She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most.(7) 当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。如：Which is the car that killed the boy?4. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系词可用who(m)或that，二者常可互换。但在下列情况中，用who(m)，而不用that：(1) 当先行词是one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody等词时。如：Is there anyone who can answer this question?He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp.注：在非正式文体中可以说：You’re the one that knows where to go.) (2) 当先行词是he, they, those, people, person等词时。如：He who wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet. Those who are against the proposal put up your hands.注：在固定结构的谚语或习语中，可用he that…如：He that promises too much means nothing.(3) 当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰时。如：Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting?(4) 在分隔式定语从句中，若先行词指人，为了明确修饰关系，应当用who(m)。如：A new master will came tomorrow who will teach you German.There’s only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see.I was the only person in my office who was invited.(5) 两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词，第二个定语从句常用who(m)来引导，如：She is the only girl I know who can play the guitar.5. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，在下列情况中，一般用关系词that:(1) 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。如：Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?Which of us that knows anything does not know this?(2) 当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时。如：He is the greatest man that has ever lived.(3) 当先行词被the only, the very, the last等词所修饰时。如：She is the only person that understands me.6. 当先行词被the same所修饰时，关系词既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具体事物 时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类多用as，表示同一事物多用that。如：This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. 这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。This is the same instrument as I used yesterday. 这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。在抽象概念上，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以两个词可换用：I have the same opinion as / that you have.这里要注意的是：（1） 使用as时，它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略，但使用that时，定语从句中的动词不可省略。如：Women received the same pay as men.Women received the same pay that men received.(2) 在“the same…that”结构中，that只是用来加强语气，强调“相同”。that可以省去而不改变句子原意，甚至连名词前的same也可以省去。如：This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.= This is the same instrument I used yesterday.= This is the instrument I used yesterday.但在“the same…as”结构中，same和as都不能省略。(3) 当“the same…that”结构中的that作为关系副词用时，不可以直接与as互换。如：He lives in the same building that I live.= He lives in the same building as / that I live in.Shall we meet at the same place that we last met?= Shall we meet at the same place that / as we last met at?7. 当先行词前有such, so, as时，关系词应当用as。如：A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesn’t understand.He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand.At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can.It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read.Let’s discuss such things as we can talk of freely.另需注意：This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.（定语从句）This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand.（结果状语从句）
采纳率：95%
来自团队：
why等、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和&quot, why
关系副词when, where，例如：
His father died the year (that / when &#47：
A prosperity which &#47,词组或代词即先行词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（who&#47、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，在从句中作状语。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗，所以应选D。（which &#47。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如, 例如，也能正确选择出关系代词&#47.
判断改错（注：先显示题. where
B;that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起;介词+ which&结构。及物动词后面无宾语; that在句中作宾语） 18，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词。1）when,关系副词。例1.
A;介词+ which&引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略, that。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状), 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。 18.4 限制性和非限制性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 18.5 介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的&介词+关系词&结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club? 18.6 as, which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例题 1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.A. it
答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..A. that B. which
D. it 答案B.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点： (1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。 (2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。As 的用法例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。 18.7 先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替) 2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)18.8 what/that/ who/whoever
1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything
What you want has been sent here.
Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 2) who= the person that
whoever= anyone who
（错）Who breaks the law will be punished.
（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
（对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
（对）Who robbed the bank is not clear.3) that 和 what
当that引导定语从句时 ，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从 句， 用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。
I think (that) you will like the stamps.
What we need is more practice. 18.9 关系代词that 的用法
1）不用that的情况
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。
d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。举例：
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。 这些全在这了 够了吧？; in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 18.3 判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词. that
C. on which
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙：when, where, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词; that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词. the one例2. Is this the museum ____ the that在句中作宾语）
The package (which &#47. 请递给我那本绿皮的书，只有the one既做了主句的表语.2 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词？2）that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点，因此常常和&介词+ which&quot, on which都不能起到宾语的作用;结构交替使用，例如，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside, which等，再显示答案。18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语. that
C. on which
D，例2 A例1变为肯定句, why的含义相当于&quot。3）which. the one答案：例1 D, that。
关系副词有，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where。
而句2中; that had never been seen before appears in the countryside。(which &#47：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候
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