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出门在外也不愁PinYin and BoPoMoFo ZhuYin Equivalence
PinYin and BoPoMoFo ZhuYin Equivalence
There is a straight one-to-one correspondence between ZhuYin (BoPoMoFo)
and PinYin (Chinese Romanization), with the few exceptions listed
at the end of the next table.
Despite the usually emotionally
charged arguments (usually by those who do not bother to take the
time to understand the differences across the Taiwan Strait), it
is just a matter of choice of symbols to represent the many
sounds in Chinese.
In the following table, BoPoMoFo are coded in
Big5 (because BoPoMoFo is not used in mainland C thus, the
corresponding GB coding does not contain these symbols).
table below lists the 37 BoPoMoFo phonetic symbols, along with
the corresponding romanized equivalents.
The first half are the
consonants and the second half are the vowels.
Note that ㄧ, ㄨ,
and ㄩ can be both, and the corresponding PinYin are different.
Consonants
ㄅ bㄆ pㄇ mㄈ f
ㄉ dㄊ tㄋ nㄌ l
ㄍ gㄎ kㄏ h
ㄐ jㄑ qㄒ x
ㄓ zhㄔ chㄕ shㄖ r
ㄗ zㄘ cㄙ s
ㄧ yㄨ wㄩ yu
ㄧ iㄨ uㄩ u, u:
ㄚ aㄛ oㄜ eㄝ e, e^
ㄞ aiㄟ eiㄠ auㄡ ou
ㄢ anㄣ enㄤ angㄥ eng
Exceptions for some vowels (but not consonants):
i and ou (ㄧㄡ) combine to iu (e.g., 溜 liu)
(ㄧㄣ) combine to in (e.g., 林 lin)
i and eng (ㄧㄥ) combine to ing (e.g., 令 ling)
u and ei (ㄨㄟ) combine to ui (e.g., 雖 sui)
u and en (ㄨㄣ) combine to un (e.g., 孫 sun)
u and eng (ㄨㄥ) combine to ong (e.g., 松 song)
u and en (ㄩㄣ) combine to un (e.g., 君 jun)
u and eng (ㄩㄥ) combine to iong (e.g., 用 yong or 凶 xiong)
er (ㄦ) at the end of a character becomes just r.
Note that "u" stands for both wu (ㄨ) and yu (ㄩ), usually without any
confusion.
Exceptions are in combination with consonants "l" and "n"
where a distinction needs to be made (路 lu and 綠 lu:) (奴 nu and 女 nu:)
(In some pinyin input methods, we spell lu: and nu: instead with accent characters
l& and n& or with non-accent characters lyu and nyu.)
Note that "e" stands for both ㄜ and ㄝ, usually without any confusion.
The only exception is when ㄝ is used alone as in 誒; in that case spell e^.
One more exception to the rule for ZhuYin symbols that can stand alone:
In ZhuYin, ㄧ, ㄨ, and ㄩ can stand alone.
In PinYin, combine the consonant and vowel, i.e.,
yi, wu, and yu, respectively.
In ZhuYin, ㄓ, ㄔ, ㄕ, ㄖ, ㄗ, ㄘ, and ㄙ can stand alone.
In PinYin,
append "i" i.e., zhi, chi, shi, ri, zi, ci, and si, respectively.
The above are all the rules and exceptions to the rules.
Lastly, we indicate the tone by appending 1, 2, 3, 4, or 0
(e.g., wang2 nan2 xin1, which is my name).
The following table contains a complete set of all valid sounds
in Mandarin, and BoPoMoFo, pinyin, etc.
are the different ways
of expressing the various sounds.
The Big5 and GB characters in
the table are only representative characters with that
pronunciation.
Many Chinese characters share an identical
pronunciation.
Conversely, there are sometimes multiple
pronunciations for the same character.
Note that many
combinations of the consonants and vowels (e.g., "bui") are
missing in Mandarin Chinese, unless you speak with a very strange
accent or unless you are imitating the sounds of animals.
single font will not display the
to switch fonts to view this page in Big5 (present setting), GB, and
codes (which
you accomplish, for example, in Internet Explorer through the menu |View|Encoding|.
Big5GBHZZhuYinPinYinWadeYale
哀飢~{0'~}ㄞ
安假~{02~}ㄢ
骯偎~{09~}ㄤ
八匐~{0K~}ㄅㄚ
白啞~{0W~}ㄅㄞ
扳售~{0b~}ㄅㄢ
邦堊~{0n~}ㄅㄤ
包婦~{0|~}ㄅㄠ
卑掠~{10~}ㄅㄟ
奔掉~{1<~}ㄅㄣ
崩推~{1@~}ㄅㄥ
逼排~{1F~}ㄅㄧ
編晤~{1`~}ㄅㄧㄢBian
彪梵~{1k~}ㄅㄧㄠBiao
鱉梱~{1n~}ㄅㄧㄝBie
彬梃~{1r~}ㄅㄧㄣBin
冰梨~{1y~}ㄅㄧㄥBing
波疏~{2(~}ㄅㄛ
不祥~{2;~}ㄅㄨ
擦笠~{2A~}ㄘㄚ
猜笨~{2B~}ㄘㄞ
參統~{2N~}ㄘㄢ
倉累~{2V~}ㄘㄤ
Ts'ang Tsang
操紱~{2Y~}ㄘㄠ
冊聊~{2a~}ㄘㄜ
岑嶍~{a/~}ㄘㄣ
曾崠~{Tx~}ㄘㄥ
Ts'eng Tseng
叉脫~{2f~}ㄔㄚ
拆莞~{2p~}ㄔㄞ
摻莖~{2t~}ㄔㄢ
昌荻~{2}~}ㄔㄤ
Chang Ch'ang Chang
吵陶~{33~}ㄔㄠ
車陬~{35~}ㄔㄜ
琛銵~{h!~}ㄔㄣ
稱備~{3F~}ㄔㄥ
Cheng Ch'eng Cheng
吃勛~{3T~}ㄔ
充喃~{3d~}ㄔㄨㄥChong Ch'ung Chung
抽喲~{3i~}ㄔㄡ
出堤~{3v~}ㄔㄨ
揣揮~{4'~}ㄔㄨㄞChuai Ch'uai Chwai
川捶~{4(~}ㄔㄨㄢChuan Ch'uan Chwan
創斐~{44~}ㄔㄨㄤChuangCh'uangChwang
吹斯~{45~}ㄔㄨㄟChui
春景~{4:~}ㄔㄨㄣChun
綽朝~{4B~}ㄔㄨㄛChuo
疵棺~{4C~}ㄘ
匆棍~{4R~}ㄘㄨㄥCong
Ts'ung Tsung
粗棉~{4V~}ㄘㄨ
竄欽~{4\~}ㄘㄨㄢCuan
Ts'uan Tswan
崔殖~{4^~}ㄘㄨㄟCui
村游~{4e~}ㄘㄨㄣCun
撮湧~{4i~}ㄘㄨㄛCuo
答湘~{4p~}ㄉㄚ
呆渭~{4t~}ㄉㄞ
丹竣~{5$~}ㄉㄢ
當絞~{51~}ㄉㄤ
刀絮~{56~}ㄉㄠ
得腕~{5C~}ㄉㄜ
得腕~{5C~}ㄉㄟ
登腎~{5G~}ㄉㄥ
低腴~{5M~}ㄉㄧ
滇菲~{5a~}ㄉㄧㄢDian
刁街~{5s~}ㄉㄧㄠDiao
爹註~{5y~}ㄉㄧㄝDie
丁間~{6!~}ㄉㄧㄥDing
丟隍~{6*~}ㄉㄧㄡDiu
冬隄~{6,~}ㄉㄨㄥDong
兜項~{65~}ㄉㄡ
督飭~{6=~}ㄉㄨ
端傷~{6K~}ㄉㄨㄢDuan
堆剽~{6Q~}ㄉㄨㄟDui
敦嗟~{6X~}ㄉㄨㄣDun
多嗣~{6`~}ㄉㄨㄛDuo
娥塔~{6p~}ㄜ
恩塋~{6w~}ㄣ
兒嫁~{6y~}ㄦ
伐極~{7%~}ㄈㄚ
反毀~{74~}ㄈㄢ
方源~{7=~}ㄈㄤ
妃漦~{ez~}ㄈㄟ
分煦~{7V~}ㄈㄣ
丰猿~{7a~}ㄈㄥ
佛痰~{7p~}ㄈㄛ
浮腹~{8!~}ㄈㄡ
仆?~{FM~}ㄈㄨ
尬痸~{^N~}ㄍㄚ
垓跍~{[r~}ㄍㄞ
干補~{8I~}ㄍㄢ
亢蕩~{?:~}ㄍㄤ
高詢~{8_~}ㄍㄠ
戈資~{8j~}ㄍㄜ
給跤~{8x~}ㄍㄟ
根跦~{8y~}ㄍㄣ
耕較~{8{~}ㄍㄥ
工馱~{9$~}ㄍㄨㄥGong
勾僑~{94~}ㄍㄡ
估嘛~{9@~}ㄍㄨ
瓜圖~{9O~}ㄍㄨㄚGua
乖墊~{9T~}ㄍㄨㄞGuai
官夥~{9Y~}ㄍㄨㄢGuan
光嫖~{9b~}ㄍㄨㄤGuang Kuang
圭寧~{9g~}ㄍㄨㄟGui
滾幗~{9v~}ㄍㄨㄣGun
郭廖~{9y~}ㄍㄨㄛGuo
哈慇~{9~~}ㄏㄚ
孩滯~{:"~}ㄏㄞ
酣漕~{:(~}ㄏㄢ
夯獄~{:;~}ㄏㄤ
壕瑣~{:>~}ㄏㄠ
呵瘉~{:G~}ㄏㄜ
黑窪~{:Z~}ㄏㄟ
痕窩~{:[~}ㄏㄣ
亨箋~{:`~}ㄏㄥ
哄箏~{:e~}ㄏㄨㄥHong
侯綜~{:n~}ㄏㄡ
乎綱~{:u~}ㄏㄨ
化趙~{;/~}ㄏㄨㄚHua
徊輔~{;2~}ㄏㄨㄞHuai
歡辣~{;6~}ㄏㄨㄢHuan
肓蹅~{kA~}ㄏㄨㄤHuang Huang
灰閡~{;R~}ㄏㄨㄟHui
昏餉~{;h~}ㄏㄨㄣHun
豁魁~{;m~}ㄏㄨㄛHuo
几撓~{<8~}ㄐㄧ
加樓~{<S~}ㄐㄧㄚJia
奸潮~{<i~}ㄐㄧㄢJian
江蔬~{=-~}ㄐㄧㄤJiang Chiang Jyang
交蝠~{=;~}ㄐㄧㄠJiao
皆諂~{=T~}ㄐㄧㄝJie
巾踫~{=m~}ㄐㄧㄣJin
京儔~{>)~}ㄐㄧㄥJing
窘噬~{>=~}ㄐㄩㄥJiong Chiung Jyung
九嬝~{>E~}ㄐㄧㄡJiu
居懈~{>S~}ㄐㄩ
娟樽~{>j~}ㄐㄩㄢJuan
Chuan: Jywan
孓箵~{f^~}ㄐㄩㄝJue
Chueh: Jywe
君澱~{>}~}ㄐㄩㄣJun
卡縐~{?(~}ㄎㄚ
開羲~{?*~}ㄎㄞ
刊膳~{?/~}ㄎㄢ
康艙~{?5~}ㄎㄤ
考蕉~{?<~}ㄎㄠ
刻覦~{?L~}ㄎㄜ
肯諫~{?O~}ㄎㄣ
坑諧~{?S~}ㄎㄥ
空諾~{?U~}ㄎㄨㄥKong
口諳~{?Z~}ㄎㄡ
枯豫~{?]~}ㄎㄨ
夸蹂~{?d~}ㄎㄨㄚKua
快辦~{?l~}ㄎㄨㄞKuai
寬遵~{?m~}ㄎㄨㄢKuan
匡選~{?o~}ㄎㄨㄤKuang K'uang Kwang
盔錳~{?x~}ㄎㄨㄟKui
坤壑~{@$~}ㄎㄨㄣKun
括嬤~{@(~}ㄎㄨㄛKuo
拉嶺~{@-~}ㄌㄚ
來懂~{@4~}ㄌㄞ
婪懋~{@7~}ㄌㄢ
郎檔~{@I~}ㄌㄤ
撈檜~{@L~}ㄌㄠ
勒毚~{@U~}ㄌㄜ
淚濡~{@a~}ㄌㄟ
愣蒹~{c6~}ㄌㄥ
哩薇~{A(~}ㄌㄧ
倆薨~{A)~}ㄌㄧㄚLia
連蟀~{A,~}ㄌㄧㄢLian
良謎~{A<~}ㄌㄧㄤLiang Liang
撩謄~{AC~}ㄌㄧㄠLiao
咧萻~{_V~}ㄌㄧㄝLie
林輿~{AV~}ㄌㄧㄣLin
令鍔~{An~}ㄌㄧㄥLing
溜闊~{Ao~}ㄌㄧㄡLiu
隆癒~{B!~}ㄌㄨㄥLong
摟禮~{B'~}ㄌㄡ
盧竅~{B,~}ㄌㄨ
巒蟬~{BM~}ㄌㄨㄢLuan
掠謨~{BS~}ㄌㄩㄝLue:
掄謬~{BU~}ㄌㄨㄣLun
囉蹕~{B^~}ㄌㄨㄛLuo
媽鎔~{Bh~}ㄇㄚ
埋鎚~{Bq~}ㄇㄞ
顢簼~{r)~}ㄇㄢ
忙疆~{C&~}ㄇㄤ
貓癡~{C(~}ㄇㄠ
沒羶~{C;~}ㄇㄟ
悶蟻~{CF~}ㄇㄣ
矇蟹~{CI~}ㄇㄥ
咪蛷~{_d~}ㄇㄧ
眠蹺~{C_~}ㄇㄧㄢMian
喵裚~{_w~}ㄇㄧㄠMiao
羋娷~{XB~}ㄇㄧㄝMie
民鏍~{Cq~}ㄇㄧㄣMin
名靡~{C{~}ㄇㄧㄥMing
謬韻~{C}~}ㄇㄧㄡMiu
摸類~{C~~}ㄇㄛ
牟觸~{D2~}ㄇㄡ
木躂~{D>~}ㄇㄨ
那饒~{DG~}ㄋㄚ
乃騰~{DK~}ㄋㄞ
男鹹~{DP~}ㄋㄢ
囊黨~{DR~}ㄋㄤ
惱齣~{DU~}ㄋㄠ
內囀~{DZ~}ㄋㄟ
能夔~{D\~}ㄋㄥ
尼攝~{Da~}ㄋㄧ
年爛~{Dj~}ㄋㄧㄢNian
娘矓~{Do~}ㄋㄧㄤNiang Niang
鳥纏~{Dq~}ㄋㄧㄠNiao
捏羼~{Ds~}ㄋㄧㄝNie
您蠟~{Dz~}ㄋㄧㄣNin
寧譴~{D~~}ㄋㄧㄥNing
牛籟~{E#~}ㄋㄧㄡNiu
農觼~{E)~}ㄋㄨㄥNong
耨嚭~{qq~}ㄋㄨㄡNou
奴贖~{E+~}ㄋㄨ
女躓~{E.~}ㄋㄩ
暖轡~{E/~}ㄋㄨㄢNuan
虐酈~{E0~}ㄋㄩㄝNue:
挪鑑~{E2~}ㄋㄨㄛNuo
偶髒~{E<~}ㄡ
芭剪~{0E~}ㄆㄚ
拍鼴~{ED~}ㄆㄞ
潘攣~{EK~}ㄆㄢ
乓籤~{ER~}ㄆㄤ
拋纔~{EW~}ㄆㄠ
坏輓~{;5~}ㄆㄟ
噴驗~{Eg~}ㄆㄣ
朋攬~{Es~}ㄆㄥ
匹?~{F%~}ㄆㄧ
片?~{F,~}ㄆㄧㄢPian
票?~{F1~}ㄆㄧㄠPiao
撇?~{F2~}ㄆㄧㄝPie
拚皙~{^U~}ㄆㄧㄣPin
乒?~{F9~}ㄆㄧㄥPing
坡?~{FB~}ㄆㄛ
剖?~{FJ~}ㄆㄡ
仆?~{FM~}ㄆㄨ
七?~{F_~}ㄑㄧ
掐?~{F~~}ㄑㄧㄚQia
千?~{G'~}ㄑㄧㄢQian
Ch'ien Chyan
羌?~{G<~}ㄑㄧㄤQiang Ch'iangChyang
悄?~{GD~}ㄑㄧㄠQiao
Ch'iao Chyau
切?~{GP~}ㄑㄧㄝQie
Ch'ieh Chye
侵?~{GV~}ㄑㄧㄣQin
青?~{G`~}ㄑㄧㄥQing
Ch'ing Ching
穹騇~{q7~}ㄑㄩㄥQiong Ch'iungChyung
丘?~{Gp~}ㄑㄧㄡQiu
曲?~{Gz~}ㄑㄩ
圈?~{H&~}ㄑㄩㄢQuan
Ch'uan:Chywan
缺?~{H1~}ㄑㄩㄝQue
Ch'ueh:Chywe
群?~{H:~}ㄑㄩㄣQun
Ch'un: Chyun
然?~{H;~}ㄖㄢ
嚷?~{HB~}ㄖㄤ
嬈甈~{f,~}ㄖㄠ
熱?~{HH~}ㄖㄜ
人?~{HK~}ㄖㄣ
扔?~{HS~}ㄖㄥ
日?~{HU~}ㄖ
戎?~{HV~}ㄖㄨㄥRong
柔?~{Ha~}ㄖㄡ
如?~{Hg~}ㄖㄨ
阮?~{Hn~}ㄖㄨㄢRuan
瑞?~{Hp~}ㄖㄨㄟRui
閏?~{Hr~}ㄖㄨㄣRun
若?~{Ht~}ㄖㄨㄛRuo
卅埵~{X&~}ㄙㄚ
塞?~{H{~}ㄙㄞ
三?~{H}~}ㄙㄢ
桑氿~{I#~}ㄙㄤ
搔犰~{I&~}ㄙㄠ
色伎~{I+~}ㄙㄜ
森伬~{I-~}ㄙㄣ
僧仵~{I.~}ㄙㄥ
沙伈~{I3~}ㄕㄚ
晒伄~{I9~}ㄕㄞ
山刓~{I=~}ㄕㄢ
商妀~{IL~}ㄕㄤ
Shang Shang
捎孖~{IS~}ㄕㄠ
奢异~{I]~}ㄕㄜ
誰阰~{K-~}ㄕㄟ
申扠~{Ij~}ㄕㄣ
升汔~{I}~}ㄕㄥ
Sheng Sheng
尸坌~{J,~}ㄕ
收彶~{JU~}ㄕㄡ
書抎~{Ji~}ㄕㄨ
刷芃~{K"~}ㄕㄨㄚShua
衰迉~{K%~}ㄕㄨㄞShuai Shuai
拴邥~{K)~}ㄕㄨㄢShuan Shuan
霜邞~{K*~}ㄕㄨㄤShuangShuang Shwang
誰阰~{K-~}ㄕㄨㄟShui
吮丳~{K1~}ㄕㄨㄣShun
說佽~{K5~}ㄕㄨㄛShuo
司侗~{K>~}ㄙ
松碪~{bl~}ㄙㄨㄥSong
叟袹~{[E~}ㄙㄡ
疏抌~{Jh~}ㄙㄨ
酸呫~{Ka~}ㄙㄨㄢSuan
雖呥~{Kd~}ㄙㄨㄟSui
孫呤~{Ko~}ㄙㄨㄣSun
唆坭~{Kt~}ㄙㄨㄛSuo
他坻~{K{~}ㄊㄚ
台怢~{L(~}ㄊㄞ
坍怌~{L.~}ㄊㄢ
湯抸~{L@~}ㄊㄤ
桃朊~{LR~}ㄊㄠ
特杻~{LX~}ㄊㄜ
騰枆~{LZ~}ㄊㄥ
剔枌~{L^~}ㄊㄧ
天毞~{Ll~}ㄊㄧㄢTian
佻椄~{Y,~}ㄊㄧㄠTiao
帖泃~{L{~}ㄊㄧㄝTie
聽泭~{L}~}ㄊㄧㄥTing
同肮~{M,~}ㄊㄨㄥTong
偷芚~{M5~}ㄊㄡ
禿芮~{M:~}ㄊㄨ
團芶~{ME~}ㄊㄨㄢTuan
推芢~{MF~}ㄊㄨㄟTui
吞迒~{ML~}ㄊㄨㄣTun
佗晬~{Y"~}ㄊㄨㄛTuo
娃俅~{M^~}ㄨㄚ
歪俉~{Ma~}ㄨㄞ
剜嵑~{X`~}ㄨㄢ
亡厗~{Mv~}ㄨㄤ
委巹~{N/~}ㄨㄟ
文恅~{ND~}ㄨㄣ
翁恟~{NL~}ㄨㄥ
倭椑~{YA~}ㄨㄛ
圬訹~{[X~}ㄨ
兮殽~{Yb~}ㄒㄧ
匣牰~{O;~}ㄒㄧㄚXia
仙珈~{OI~}ㄒㄧㄢXian
相眈~{O`~}ㄒㄧㄤXiang Hsiang Syang
削祅~{Ow~}ㄒㄧㄠXiao
些虳~{P)~}ㄒㄧㄝXie
心陑~{PD~}ㄒㄧㄣXin
星陎~{PG~}ㄒㄧㄥXing
凶倜~{PW~}ㄒㄩㄥXiong Hsiung Syung
休倎~{P]~}ㄒㄧㄡXiu
徐剢~{Pl~}ㄒㄩ
宣哫~{P{~}ㄒㄩㄢXuan
Hsuan: Sywan
靴悒~{Q%~}ㄒㄩㄝXue
Hsueh: Sywe
勛悗~{Q+~}ㄒㄩㄣXun
丫挩~{Q>~}ㄧㄚ
奄栟~{QY~}ㄧㄢ
央栝~{Qk~}ㄧㄤ
堯牶~{R"~}ㄧㄠ
夜珗~{R9~}ㄧㄝ
一珨~{R;~}ㄧ
因秪~{Rr~}ㄧㄣ
英荎~{S"~}ㄧㄥ
邕諅~{g_~}ㄩㄥ
攸惎~{X|~}ㄧㄡ
迂衯~{SX~}ㄩ
元啋~{T*~}ㄩㄢ
月堎~{TB~}ㄩㄝ
暈婠~{TN~}ㄩㄣ
匝婧~{TQ~}ㄗㄚ
災婐~{TV~}ㄗㄞ
簪穮~{t"~}ㄗㄢ
臧穈~{j0~}ㄗㄤ
遭婈~{Tb~}ㄗㄠ
則寀~{Tr~}ㄗㄜ
賊崞~{Tt~}ㄗㄟ
怎崋~{Tu~}ㄗㄣ
曾崠~{Tx~}ㄗㄥ
扎崨~{Tz~}ㄓㄚ
摘晡~{U*~}ㄓㄞ
占梩~{U<~}ㄓㄢ
張桲~{UE~}ㄓㄤ
Zhang Chang
召欸~{UY~}ㄓㄠ
遮殑~{UZ~}ㄓㄜ
珍湴~{Ud~}ㄓㄣ
正淏~{U}~}ㄓㄥ
Zheng Cheng
之眳~{V.~}ㄓ
中笢~{VP~}ㄓㄨㄥZhong Chung
州笣~{V]~}ㄓㄡ
朱紾~{Vl~}ㄓㄨ
抓蚰~{W%~}ㄓㄨㄚZhua
拽蚹~{W'~}ㄓㄨㄞZhuai Chuai
專蚳~{W(~}ㄓㄨㄢZhuan Chuan
妝衒~{W1~}ㄓㄨㄤZhuangChuang Jwang
隹鶹~{v?~}ㄓㄨㄟZhui
准袧~{W<~}ㄓㄨㄣZhun
卓袗~{W?~}ㄓㄨㄛZhuo
子赽~{WS~}ㄗ
宗跁~{WZ~}ㄗㄨㄥZong
鄒軜~{W^~}ㄗㄡ
租逤~{Wb~}ㄗㄨ
鑽郰~{Wj~}ㄗㄨㄢZuan
嘴郲~{Wl~}ㄗㄨㄟZui
尊郬~{Wp~}ㄗㄨㄣZun
作釬~{Ww~}ㄗㄨㄛZuo
Additional Points
The above table deals with the phonetic symbols employed to
represent the Chinese pronunciation of a character.
analogous to the many different schemes used in English
dictionaries to represent pronunciation (long vowels, short
consonants, etc).
As we can see from the above table, there are
many methods (and many more are not listed above).
common ones are pinyin (China) and BoPoMoFo (Taiwan).
purpose of this web page is to demonstrate the nearly one-to-one
correspondence between these two methods.
Personally, I prefer
the pinyin method, because I already know my alphabets.
waste time learning another set of phonetic symbols, especially
when they are so nearly equivalent?
GB Because of the political division of China,
there are two major coding schemes:
Big5 (mainly in Taiwan) and
GB (mainly in mainland China).
Do not confuse Big5/GB with the
BoPoMoFo/pinyin phonetic representation.
The coding scheme is
simply a way to represent a character with a number, much like
how we represent an alphabet with a number with the ASCII scheme, e.g., 65 for the
letter "A".
Both coding schemes are based on 4 bytes ( 32 bits)
per character.
For example, the character of my last name is
represented with different numerical values in different coding
Big5, GB (and, for that matter, Japanese, or Korean).
Big5|GB vs.
Unicode|HZ To make the matter worse, there
exist many coding schemes other than just Big5 and GB.
time, every Chinese software company seemed to advocate its own
proprietary coding scheme.
Another fairly common coding scheme,
although not as popular as Big5 or GB, is HZ.
Then there is
Unicode, which is used to express characters/letters of not just
Chinese Mandarin, but all sorts of languages, Asian and European
thus, the Unicode coding system contains Chinese
characters along with many non-Chinsese characters.
Traditional vs.
Simplified Style.
A completely separate
idea (not to be confused with phonetic representation or coding
schemes) is the traditional style (which has more strokes for
certain characters, favored in Taiwan) versus the simplified
style (favored in China).
The styles are analogous to different
fonts in the US, much like how my wingdings font and my courier
font display two different symbols for the same alphabet "A".
Input Method.
Another yet completely different concept is
the input method.
Because the English-based keyboard is what we
normally see in the US, we need to adopt that to Chinese.
are many input methods for picking out a specific Chinese character
-- I am aware of at least 15 such methods.
One of these is
pinyin, where you simply type in the alphabet (which I think is
the simplest because I am comfortable with typing English with a
US keyboard).
For example, I would type "w" "a" "n" "g"; about
15 characters and I pick out the character
that corresponds to my last name.
The BoPoMoFo method is similar
in that each key maps into a phonetic symbol.
There are many
mappings for BoPoMoFo, one such mapping is shown here.
There are sufficient number
of keys on a US keyboard for each of the 37 BoPoMoFo phonetic
Other input methods are based on pronunciation in other
dialects (such as Cantonese, rather than Mandarin), radicals
(bu4shou3), number of strokes, the type of strokes at four
corners of the character (si4jiao3hao4ma3), the shape of the
character (cang1jie2), ..., even English equivalent.
example, my last name translates to "king" in E thus, when
I employ the last input method, I type "king" on my US
a number of Chinese characters or phrases that correspond to
"king" in meaning and I choose the correct
As for me -- well, I hardly ever type in Chinese -- but
when I do, I do most of my input with pinyin.
Without exception,
everyone I know who masters both BoPoMoFo and pinyin
prefers pinyin, just like myself.
I occasionally switch to other
methods, when I, for example, do not know the pronunciation of
the character that I am trying to type.
Directionality.
Western languages are written in
horizontal lines left-to-right.
However, certain languages (such
as Hebrew and Arabic) are written in horizontal lines
right-to-left.
Chinese languages (and those with a strong Chinese
influence such as Japanese and Korean) are traditionally
written in vertical lines (top-to-bottom) arranged right-to-left.
However, this tradition is not commonly practiced today.
has long changed the directionality to be in line with the
Western practice (i.e., horizontal lines left-to-right).
However, many Taiwanese publications seem to follow no rules.
is typical to see top-to-bottom, right-to-left, and left-to-right
conventions all coexist on the same page in a newspaper.
can cause serious confusions, especially when the phrases are
sufficiently short such that both directions make perfect sense,
but convey completely different meanings.
For example, with my
name read in an opposite direction, I become another equally
plausible person:
a new Southern King, which of course I am not.
There are many permutations of the above concepts.
To make the
matter worse, there are people who mix already messy Chinese
schemes with other languages that also employ Chinese characters
(such as Japanese and Korean).
Such is the sad state of things when a
country that should be united remains divided, and ordinary folks
like I pay for the resulting chaos.
I wrote this web page in an
attempt to reduce such misunderstandings.
PinYin and BoPoMoFo ZhuYin Equivalence
Forward comments to:
Nam Sun Wang
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Maryland
College Park, MD
301-405-1910 (voice)
301-314-9126 (FAX)
&1999 by Nam Sun WangYou are here
Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ
Senior Research Scientist Harpenden
Works with
Current Projects
Past Projects
Project Leader
Trace element dynamics in soils and plant uptake
Current status of soils and responsiveness of wheat to micronutrients
CASE Studentship: Optimising the amount and availability of iron in bread wheat cultivars to prevent global iron deficiency
Quota Studentship: Decreasing arsenic accumulation in rice to reduce health risk
Mechanisms of arsenic (As) uptake and transport in rice
NIP aquaporins: New tools to reduce rice arsenic accumulation
Lawes Trust Studentship:
Modelling the fate of selenium added to soil to improve biofortification efficiency
Soil protection and remediation
My research focuses on:1) Transformation, speciation and bioavailability of trace elements (both essential and toxic) in soil and the rhizosphere2) Mechanisms of uptake, metabolism and tolerance of toxic metals and metalloids in plants3) Hyperaccumulation of metals and metalloids by plants and phytoremediation4) Sulphur cycling and nutrition of crops
Publications
Papers in refereed journals
Ye, W.L., Khan, M.A., McGrath, S.P. and Zhao, F.J.* 2011. Phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated paddy soils with Pteris vittata markedly reduces arsenic uptake by rice. Environmental Pollution 159: .
Wu, Z.C., Ren, H.Y., McGrath, S.P., Wu, P. and Zhao, F.J. * 2011. Investigating the contribution of the phosphate transport pathway to arsenic accumulation in rice. Plant Physiology 157: 498-508.
Wang, P., Kopittke, P.M., De Schamphelaere, K.A.C., Zhao, F.J., Zhou, D.M., Lock, K., Ma, Y.B., Peijnenburg, W.J.G.M. and McGrath, S.P. 2011. Evaluation of an electrostatic toxicity model for predicting Ni2+ toxicity to barley root elongation in hydroponic cultures and in soils. New Phytologist, 192: 414-427.
Moore, K.L., Schr?der, M., Wu, Z.C., Martin, B.G.H., Hawes, C.R., McGrath, S.P., Hawkesford, M.J., Ma, J.F., Zhao, F.J. and Grovenor, C.R.M. 2011. High-Resolution Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry reveals the contrasting subcellular distribution of arsenic and silicon in rice roots. Plant Physiology. 156: 913–924.
Mitani-Ueno, N., Yamaji, N., Zhao, F.J. and Ma, J.F. 2011. Aromatic/arginine selectivity filter of NIP aquaporins plays a critical role in substrate selectivity for silicon, boron and arsenic. Journal of Experimental Botany. 62: .
Stroud, J.L., Khan, M.A., Norton, G.J., Islam, M.R., Dasgupta, T., Zhu, Y.G., Price, A.H., Meharg, A.A., McGrath, S.P. and Zhao, F.J.* 2011. Assessing the labile arsenic pool in contaminated paddy soils by isotopic dilution techniques and simple extractions. Environmental Science & Technology. 45: .
Jaggard, K, W. and Zhao, F. J. 2011. Responses of sugar beet to sulphur fertilizer in England. Journal of Agricultural Science 149: 305-311.
Duan, G.L., Hu, Y., Liu, W.J., Kneer, R., Zhao, F.J. and Zhu, Y.G. 2011. Evidence for a role of phytochelatins in regulating arsenic accumulation in rice grain. Environmental Experimental Botany 71: 416–421.
Zhao, F.J.* and Shewry, P.R. 2011. Recent developments in modifying crops and agronomic practice to improve human health. Food Policy 36: S94-S101.
Macdonald, C.A., Clark, I.M., Hirsch, P.R., Zhao, F.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2011. Development of real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification of Rhizobium leguminosarum and discrimination between different biovars in soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77: .
Macdonald, C.A., Clark, I.M., Zhao, F.J., Hirsch, P.R., Singh, B.K. and McGrath, S.P. 2011. Long-term impacts of zinc and copper enriched sewage sludge additions on bacterial, archaeal and fungal communities in arable and grassland soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 43: 932-941.
Stroud, J.L., Norton, G.J., Islam, M.R., Dasgupta, T., White, R., Price, A.H., Meharg, A.A., McGrath, S.P. and Zhao, F.J.* 2011. The dynamics of arsenic in four paddy fields in the Bengal delta. Environmental Pollution 159: 947-953.
Hart, D.J., Fairweather-Tait, S.J., Broadley, M.R., Dickinson, S.J., Foot, I., Knott, P., McGrath, S.P., Mowat, H., Norman, K., Scott, P.R., Stroud, J.L.,Tucker, M., White, P.J.,
Zhao, F.J. and Hurst, R. 2011. Selenium concentration and speciation in biofortified flour and bread: retention of selenium during grain biofortification, processing and production of Se-enriched food. Food Chemistry 126: .
Zheng, R., Li, H.F., Jiang, R.F., R?mheld, V., Zhang, F.S. and Zhao, F.J. 2011.The role of root hairs in cadmium acquisition by barley. Environmental Pollution 159: 408-415.
Zheng, M.Z., Cai, C., Hu Y., Sun, G.X., Williams, P. N.,
Cui, H.J., Li, G., Zhao, F.J. and Zhu, Y.G. 2011. Spatial distribution of arsenic and its temporal variation in rice. New Phytologist. 189: 200–209.
Ye, W.L., Wood, B.A., Stroud, J.L., Andralojc, P.J., Raab, A., McGrath, S.P., Feldmann, J. and Zhao, F.J.* 2010. Arsenic speciation in phloem and xylem exudates of castor bean. Plant Physiology. 154: .
Khan, M. A., Stroud, J.L., Zhu, Y.G., McGrath, S.P. and Zhao, F.J.* 2010. Arsenic bioavailability to rice is elevated in Bangladeshi paddy soils. Environmental Science & Technology 44: .
Li, H.F., Lombi, E., Stroud, J.L., McGrath, S.P. and Zhao, F.J.* 2010. Selenium speciation in soil and rice: Influence of water management and Se fertilization. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 58: .
Arnold, T., Sch?nb?chler, M., Rehk?mper, M., Dong, S., Zhao, F.J., Kirk, G.J.D. and Weiss, D.J. 2010. Measurement of zinc stable isotope ratios in biogeochemical matrices by double spike MC-ICPMS including determination of the isotope ratio pool available for plants from soil. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 398: .
Norton, G.J., Dasgupta, T., Islam, M.R., Islam, S., Deacon, C.M., Zhao, F.J., Stroud, J.L., McGrath, S.P., Feldmann, J., Price, A.H. and Meharg, A.A. 2010. Arsenic influence on genetic variation in grain trace-element nutrient content in Bengal delta grown rice. Environmental Science & Technology 44: .
Zhao, F.J.*, McGrath, S.P. and Meharg, A.A. 2010. Arsenic as a food-chain contaminant: mechanisms of plant uptake and metabolism and mitigation strategies. Annual Review of Plant Biology 61: 535–559.
Luo, J., Zhang, H., Zhao, F.J., and Davison, W. 2010. Distinguishing diffusional and plant control of Cd and Ni uptake by hyperaccumulator and nonhyperaccumulator plants. Environmental Science & Technology 44, .
Zhao, F.J.*, Stroud, J.L., Eagling, T., Dunham, S.J., McGrath, S.P. and Shewry, P.R. 2010. Accumulation, distribution and speciation of arsenic in wheat grain. Environmental Science & Technology 44, .
McGrath, S.P., Micó, C., Zhao, F.J., Stroud, J.L., Zhang, H. and Fozard, S. 2010. Predicting molybdenum toxicity to higher plants: Estimation of toxicity threshold values. Environmental Pollution 158: .
McGrath, S.P., Micó, C., Curdy, R. and Zhao, F.J. 2010. Predicting molybdenum toxicity to higher plants: Influence of soil properties. Environmental Pollution 158: .
Macdonald, C.A., Yang, X.Y., Clark, I.M., Zhao, F.J., Hirsch, P.R. and McGrath, S.P. 2010. Relative impact of soil, metal source and metal concentration on bacterial community structure and community tolerance.
Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42: .
Shinmachi, F., Buchner, P., Stroud, J.L., Parmar, S., Zhao, F.J., McGrath, S.P. and Hawkesford, M.J. 2010. Influence of sulfur deficiency on the expression of specific sulfate transporters and the distribution of sulfur, selenium and molybdenum in wheat. Plant Physiology 153: 327-336.
Stroud, J.L., Zhao, F.J., Buchner, P., Shinmachi, F., McGrath, S.P., Abercassis, J., Hawkesford, M.J. and Shewry, P.R. 2010. Impacts of sulphur nutrition on micronutrient (Se and Mo) concentrations in wheat grain. Journal of Cereal Science 52: 111-113.
Liu W.J., Wood B.A., Raab A., McGrath S.P., Zhao F.J.* and Feldmann J. 2010. Complexation of arsenite with phytochelatins reduces arsenite efflux and translocation from roots to shoots in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiology 152: .
Zhao, F.J.*, Ago, Y., Mitani, N., Li, R.Y., Su, Y.H., Yamaji, N., McGrath, S.P. and Ma, J.F*. 2010. The role of the rice aquaporin Lsi1 in arsenite efflux from roots. New Phytologist 186: 392-399.
Arnold, T., Kirk, G.J.D., Wissuwa, M., Frei, M., Zhao, F.J., Mason, T.F.D., and Weiss, D.J. 2010. Evidence for the mechanisms of zinc uptake by rice using isotope fractionation. Plant, Cell & Environment 33: 370–381
Broadley, M.R., Alcock, J., Alford, J., Cartwright, P., Foot, I., Fairweather-Tait, S.J., Hart, D.J., Hurst, R., Knott, P., McGrath, S.P., Meacham, M.C., Norman, K., Mowat, H., Scott, P., Stroud, J.L., Tovey, M., Tucker, M., White, P.J., Young, S.D and Zhao, F.J. 2010. Selenium biofortification of high-yielding winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by liquid or granular Se fertilisation. Plant and Soil. 332: 5-18.
Stroud, J.L., Broadley, M.R., Foot, I., Fairweather-Tait, S.J., Hart, D.J.,
Hurst, R., Knott, P., Mowat, H., Norman, K., Scott, P., Tucker, M., White, P.J., McGrath, S.P. and Zhao, F.J.* 2010. Soil factors affecting selenium concentration in wheat grain and the fate and speciation of Se fertilisers applied to soil. Plant and Soil 332: 19-30.
Stroud, J .L., Li, H.F., Lopez-Bellido, F.J., Broadley, M.R., Foot, I., Fairweather-Tait, S.J., Hart, D.J.,
Hurst, R., Knott, P., Mowat, H., Norman, K., Scott, P., Tucker, M., White, P.J., McGrath, S.P. and Zhao, F.J.* 2010. Impact of sulphur fertilisation on crop response to selenium fertilisation. Plant and Soil 332: 31-40.
Su, Y.H., McGrath, S.P. and Zhao, F.J.* 2010. Rice is more efficient in arsenite uptake and translocation than wheat and barley. Plant and Soil 328:27–34.
Norton G.J., Islam M.R., Duan G., Lei M., Zhu Y.G., Deacon C.M., Moran A.C., Islam S., Zhao F.J., Stroud J.L., McGrath S.P., Feldmann J., Price A.H. and Meharg A.A. 2010. Arsenic shoot - grain relationships in field grown rice cultivars. Environmental Science & Technology 44:
Stroud, J.L., McGrath, S.P. and Zhao, F.J.* 2010. Selenium speciation in soil extracts using LC-ICP-MS. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry (in press, DOI: 10.).
Moore, K.L., Schr?der, M., Lombi, E., Zhao, F.J., McGrath, S.P., Hawkesford, M.J., Shewry, P.R. and Grovenor, C.R.M. 2010. NanoSIMS analysis of arsenic and selenium in cereal grain. New Phytologist 185: 434–445.
Norton, G.J., Duan, G., Dasgupta, T., Islam, M.R., Lei, M., Zhu, Y.G., Deacon, C.M., Morgan, A.C., Islam, S., Zhao, F.J., Stroud, J.L., McGrath, S.P., Feldmann, J., Price, A.H. and Meharg, A.A. 2009. Environmental and genetic control of arsenic accumulation and speciation in rice grain: comparing a range of common cultivars grown in contaminated sites across Bangladesh, China and India. Environmental Science & Technology 43: .
Wu, J., Zhao, F.J., Ghandilyan, A., Logoteta, B., Guzman, O.M., Schat, H., Wang, X. and Aarts, M.G.M. 2009. Identification and functional analysis of two ZIP metal transporters of the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. Plant and Soil 325: 79-95.
Shewry, P.R., Zhao, F.J., Halford, N., Parry, M. and Abécassis, J. 2009. Sulphur nutrition differentially affects the distribution of asparagine in wheat grain. Journal of Cereal Sciences 50: 407-409.
Li, R.Y., Ago, K., Liu, W. J., Mitani, N., Feldmann, J., McGrath, S.P., Ma, J.F. and Zhao, F.J.* 2009. The rice aquaporin Lsi1 mediates uptake of methylated arsenic species. Plant Physiology 150: . (Highlighted by Plant Physiology On the Inside, “How Rice Absorbs Pentavalent Methylated Forms of Arsenic” 150: 1763)
Zhu, Y.G., Pilon-Smits, E.A.H., Zhao, F.J., Williams, P.N. and Meharg, A.A. 2009. Selenium in higher plants: understanding mechanisms for biofortification and phytoremediation. Trends in Plant Science 14: 436-442.
Ali, W., Isayenkov, S.V., Zhao, F.J. and Maathuis, F.J.M. 2009. Arsenite transport in plants. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 66: .
Logoteta, B., Xu, X.Y., Macnair, M.R., McGrath, S.P. and Zhao, F.J.*. 2009. Arsenite efflux is not enhanced in the arsenate-tolerant phenotype of Holcus lanatus. New Phytologist 183: 340–348.
Pongrac, P., Zhao, F.J., Razinger, J., Zrimec, A. and Regvar, M. 2009. Physiological responses to Cd and Zn in two Cd/Zn hyperaccumulating Thlaspi species. Environmental and Experimental Botany 66: 479-486.
Norton, G.J., Islam, M.R., Deacon, C.M., Zhao, F.J., Stroud, J.L., McGrath, S.P., Islam, S., Jahiruddin, M., Feldmann, J., Price, A.H., Meharg, A.A., 2009. Identification of low inorganic and total grain arsenic rice cultivars from Bangladesh. Environmental Science & Technology 43, .
Li, R.Y., Stroud, J.L., Ma, J.F., McGrath, S.P. and Zhao, F.J.* 2009. Mitigation of arsenic accumulation in rice with water management and silicon fertilization. Environmental Science and Technology 43: .
Zhao, F.J.* and McGrath, S.P. 2009. Biofortification and phytoremediation. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 12: 373-380.
Zhao, F.J.*, Ma, J.F., Meharg, A.A. and McGrath, S.P. 2009. Arsenic uptake and metabolism in plants. New Phytologist 181: 777-794.
Zhang, X., Zhao, F.J., Huang, Q., Williams, P.N., Sun, G. X. and Zhu, Y. G. 2009. Arsenic uptake and speciation in the rootless duckweed Wolffia globosa. New Phytologist 182: 421–428.
Li, H. F., Gray, C., Mic, C., Zhao, F.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2009. Phytotoxicity and bioavailability of cobalt to plants in a range of soils. Chemosphere 75: 979–986
Zhao, F.J., Su, Y.H., Dunham, S.J., Rakszegi, M., Bedo, Z., McGrath, S.P. and Shewry, P.R. 2009. Variation in mineral micronutrient concentrations in grain of wheat lines of diverse origin. Journal of Cereal Science 49: 290-295.
Xie, H. L., Jiang, R. F., Zhang, F. S., McGrath, S. P. and Zhao, F. J. 2009. Effect of nitrogen form on the rhizosphere dynamics and uptake of cadmium and zinc by the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. Plant and Soil 318: 205-215.
Meharg, A.A., Williams, P.N., Adamako, E., Lawgali, Y.Y., Deacon, C., Villada, A., Cambell, R.C.J., Sun, G., Zhu, Y.G., Feldmann, J., Raab, A., Zhao, F.J., Islam, R., Hossain, S., Yanai, J. 2009. Geographical variation in total and inorganic arsenic content of polished (white) rice. Environmental Science and Technology 43: .
Fan, M.S., Zhao, F.J.*, Fairweather-Tait, S.J., Poulton, P.R., Dunham, S.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2008 Evidence of decreasing mineral density in wheat grain over the last 160 years. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 22: 315-324.
Koopmans, G.F., R?mkens, P.F.A.M., Fokkema, M.J., Song J., Luo, Y.M., Japenga, J. and Zhao, F.J. 2008. Feasibility of phytoextraction to remediate cadmium and zinc contaminated soils. Environmental Pollution 156: 905-914.
Micó, C., Li, H. F., Zhao, F.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2008. Use of Co speciation and soil properties to explain variation in Co toxicity to root growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in different soils. Environmental Pollution 156: 883-890.
Zhang, X., Lin, A.J., Zhao, F.J., Xu, G.Z., Duan, G.L. and Zhu, Y.G. 2008. Arsenic accumulation by the aquatic fern Azolla: Comparison of arsenate uptake, speciation and efflux by A. caroliniana and A. filiculoides. Environmental Pollution 156: .
Ma, J.F.*, Yamaji, N., Mitani, N., Xu, X.Y., Su, Y.H., McGrath, S.P. and Zhao, F.J.* 2008. Transporters of arsenite in rice and their role in arsenic accumulation in rice grain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105: .
Su, Y.H., McGrath, S.P., Zhu, Y.G. and Zhao, F.J.* 2008. Highly efficient xylem transport of arsenite in the arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata. New Phytologist 180: 434-441.
Xu, X.Y., McGrath, S.P., Meharg, A.A. and Zhao, F.J.* 2008. Growing rice aerobically markedly decreases arsenic accumulation. Environmental Science and Technology 42: .
Lehmann, J., Solomon, D., Zhao, F.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2008. Atmospheric SO2 emissions since the late 1800s change organic sulfur forms in humic substance extracts of soils. Environmental Science and Technology 42, .
Ueno, D., Iwashita, T., Zhao, F.J. and Ma, J. F. 2008. Characterization of Cd translocation and identification of Cd form in xylem sap of the Cd-hyperaccumulator Arabidopsis halleri. Plant and Cell Physiology 49: 540-548.
Xing, J.P., Jiang, R.F., Ueno, D., Ma, J.F., Schat, H., McGrath, S.P. and Zhao, F.J.* 2008. Variation in root-to-shoot translocation of Cd and Zn among different accessions of the hyperaccumulators Thlaspi caerulescens and Thlaspi praecox. New Phytologist 178: 315-325.
Li, H.F., McGrath, S.P. and Zhao, F.J.* 2008. Selenium uptake, translocation and speciation in wheat supplied with selenate or selenite. New Phytologist 178: 92-102.
Liu, M.Q., Yanai, J., Jiang, R.F.*, Zhang, F.S., McGrath, S.P. and Zhao, F.J.* 2008. Does cadmium play a physiological role in the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens? Chemosphere 71: .
Lin, A, Zhang, X. and Zhu, Y. G. and Zhao, F.J. 2008. Arsenate-induced toxicity: effects on antioxidative enzymes and DNA damage in Vicia faba. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 27: 413-419.
Fan, M. S., Zhao, F.J.*, Poulton, P. R. and McGrath, S. P. 2008. Historical changes in the concentrations of selenium in soil and wheat grain from the Broadbalk experiment over the last 160 years. Science of the Total Environment 389: 532-538.
Cheng, L., Wang, F., Shou, H., Huang, F., Zheng, L., He, F., Li, J., Zhao, F.J., Ueno, D., Ma, J. F., and Wu, P. 2007. Mutation in nicotianamine aminotransferease stimulated the Fe(II) acquisition system and led to iron accumulation in rice. Plant Physiology 145: .
Xu, X.Y., McGrath, S.P. and Zhao, F.J.* 2007. Rapid reduction of arsenate in the medium mediated by plant roots. New Phytologist 176: 590–599.
Hawkesford, M.J. and Zhao, F.J.
2007. Strategies for increasing the selenium content of wheat. Journal of Cereal Science 46: 282-292.
Lofts, S., Chapman, P.M., Dwyer, R., McLaughlin, M.J., Schoeters, I.,
Sheppard, S.C.,
Adams, W.J., Alloway, B.J., Antunes, P.M.C., Campbell, P.G.C., Davies, B., Degryse, F., De Vries, W., Farley, K.J., Garrett, R.G., Green, A., Groenenberg, B.J., Hale, B., Harrass, M., Hendershot, W.H., Keller, A., Lanno, R., Liang, T., Liu, W.X., Ma, Y., Menzie, C., Moolenaar, S.W., Piatkiewicz, W., Reimann, C., Rieuwerts, J.S., Santore, R.C., Sauvé, S., Schuetze, G., Schlekat, C., Skeaff, J., Smolders, E., Tao, S., Wilkins, J. and Zhao, F.J. 2007. Critical loads of metals and other trace elements to terrestrial environments. Environmental Science and Technology 41: .
Uthayakumaran, S, Zhao, F.J., Sivri, D., Roohani, M., Batey, I.L. and Wrigley, C.W. 2007. Defect identification in wheat grain by micro-fluidic electrophoresis: sulfur deficiency and bug damage. Cereal Chemistry 84, 301-303.
Plaza, S., Tearall, K.L., Zhao, F.J., Buchner, P., McGrath, S.P. and Hawkesford, M.J. 2007. Expression and functional analysis of metal transporter genes in two contrasting ecotypes of the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. Journal of Experimental Botany 58: .
Zhao, F.J.*, McGrath, S.P. and Merrington, G. 2007. Estimates of ambient background concentrations of trace metals in soils for risk assessment. Environmental Pollution 148: 221-229.
Guo, B., Liang, Y.C. Zhu, Y.G. and Zhao, F.J. 2007. Role of salicylic acid in alleviating oxidative damage in rice roots (Oryza sativa) subjected to cadmium stress. Environmental Pollution 147: 743-749.
Zhao, F.J.*, Lopez-Bellido, J., Gray, C.W., Whalley, W.R., Clark, L.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2007. Effects of soil compaction and irrigation on the concentrations of selenium and arsenic in wheat grains. Science of the Total Environment 372: 433-439.
Rooney, C.P., Zhao, F.J.* and McGrath, S.P. 2007. Phytotoxicity of nickel in a range of European soils: influence of soil properties, Ni solubility and speciation. Environmental Pollution 145:
Han, W.Y., Shi, R.Z., Ma, L.F., Ruan, J.Y. and Zhao, F.J. 2007. Effect of liming and seasonal variation on lead concentration of tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). Chemosphere 66: 84-90.
Thakali, S., Allen, H.E., Di Toro, D.M., Ponizovsky, A.A., Rooney, C.P., Zhao, F.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2006. A Terrestrial Biotic Ligand Model. I: Development and application to Cu and Ni toxicity to barley root elongation in soils. Environmental Science and Technology 40: .
Thakali, S., Allen, H.E., Di Toro, D.M., Ponizovsky, A.A., Rooney, C.P., Zhao, F.J., McGrath, S.P., Criel, P., Van Eckout, H., Janssen, C.,
Oorts, K. and Smolders, E. 2006. A Terrestrial Biotic Ligand Model. II: Application to Ni and Cu toxicity to plants, soil invertebrates and microbes. Environmental Science and Technology 40: .
Zhao, F.J.*, R.F. Jiang, S.J. Dunham and McGrath, S.P. 2006. Cadmium uptake, translocation and tolerance in the hyperaccumulator Arabidopsis halleri. New Phytologist 172: 646–654
Hernández-Allica, J., Garbisu, C., Becerril, J.M., Barrutia, O., García-Plazaola, J.I., Zhao, F.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2006. Synthesis of low molecular weight thiols in response to cadmium exposure in Thlaspi caerulescens. Plant, Cell and Environment 29: .
Song, J., Zhao, F.J.*, McGrath, S.P. and Luo, Y.M. 2006. Influence of soil properties and ageing on arsenic phytotoxicity. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25: .
Zhao, F.J.*, Fortune, S. Barbosa, V. L., McGrath, S.P., Stobart, R., Bilsborrow, P.E., Booth, E.J., Brown, A. and Robson, P. 2006. Effects of sulphur on yield and malting quality of barley. Journal of Cereal Science 43: 369-377.
Broadley, M.R., White, P.J., Bryson, R.J., Meacham, M.C., Bowen, H.C., Johnson, S.E., Hawkesford, M.J., McGrath, S.P., Zhao, F.J., Breward, N., Harriman, M. and Tucker, M. 2006. Biofortification of UK food crops with selenium. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 65: 169-181.
Zhao, F.J.*, Rooney, C.P., Zhang, H. and McGrath, S.P. 2006. Comparison of soil solution speciation and DGT measurement as an indicator of copper bioavailability to plants. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25: 733-742.
Rooney, C.P., Zhao, F.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2006. Soil factors controlling the expression of copper toxicity to plants in a wide range of European soils. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25: 726-732.
Gray, C.W., Dunham, S.J., Dennis, P.G., Zhao, F.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2006. Field evaluation of in situ remediation of a heavy metal contaminated soil using lime and red-mud. Environmental Pollution 142: 530-539.
McGrath, S.P., Lombi, E., Gray, C.W., Caille, N., Dunham, S.J. and Zhao, F.J. 2006. Field evaluation of Cd and Zn phytoextraction potential by the hyperaccumulators Thlaspi caerulescens and Arabidopsis halleri. Environmental Pollution 141: 115-125.
Zhao, F.J.*, Lehmann, J., Solomon, D., Fox, M.A. and McGrath, S.P. 2006. Sulphur speciation and turnover in soils: evidence from sulphur K-edge XANES spectroscopy and isotope dilution studies. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38: .
Han, W.Y., Zhao, F.J.*, Shi, Y.Z., Ma, L.F. and Ruan, J.Y. 2006. Scale and causes of lead contamination in Chinese tea. Environmental Pollution 139: 125-132.
Yanai, J., Zhao, F.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2006. Effect of soil characteristics on Cd uptake by the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens.
Environmental Pollution 139: 167-175.
Jiang, R.F., Ma, D.Y., Zhao, F.J.* and McGrath S.P. 2005. Cadmium hyperaccumulation protects Thlaspi caerulescens from leaf feeding damage by thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). New Phytologist 167: 805-814.
Ueno, D., Ma, J.F., Iwashita, T., Zhao, F.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2005. Identification of the form of Cd in the leaves of a superior Cd-accumulating ecotype of Thlaspi caerulescens using 113Cd-NMR. Planta 221: 928-936.
Weiss, D.J., Mason, T.F.D., Zhao, F.J., Kirk, G.J.D., Coles, B.J. and Horstwood, M.S.A. 2005. Isotopic discrimination of Zn in higher plants. New Phytologist 165: 703-710.
Caille, N., Zhao, F.J.* and McGrath, S.P. 2005. Comparison of root absorption, translocation and tolerance of arsenic in the hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata and the nonhyperaccumulator Pteris tremula. New Phytologist 165: 755-761.
Hu, Z.Y., Zhao, F.J.* and McGrath, S.P. 2005. Sulphur fractionation in calcareous soils and bioavailability to plants. Plant and Soil 268: 103-109.
Ma, J.F., Ueno, D., Zhao, F.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2005. Subcellular localization of Cd and Zn in the leaves of a Cd-hyperaccumulating ecotype of Thlaspi caerulescens. Planta 220: 731-736.
Davis, M.R.H., Zhao, F.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2004. Pollution-induced community tolerance of soil microbes in response to a zinc gradient. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23: .
Ueno, D., Zhao, F.J. and Ma, J.F. 2004. Interactions between Cd and Zn in relation to their hyperaccumulation in Thlaspi caerulescens.
Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 50: 591-597.
Ueno, D., Zhao, F.J., Shen, R. and Ma, J.F. 2004. Cadmium and zinc accumulation by the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens from soils enriched with insoluble metal compounds.
Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 50: 511-515.
Caille, N., Swanwick, S., Zhao, F.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2004. Arsenic hyperaccumulation by Pteris vittata from arsenic contaminated soils and the effect of liming and phosphate fertilisation. Environmental Pollution 132: 113-120.
Zhao, F.J.*, Adams, M.L., Dumont, C., McGrath, S.P., Chaudri, A.M., Nicholson, F.A., Chambers, B.J. and Sinclair, A.H. 2004. Factors affecting the concentrations of lead in British wheat and barley grain. Environmental Pollution 131: 461-468.
Tye, A.M., Zhang, H., Young, S.D., Crout, N.M.J., Tandy, S., Preston, S., Zhao, F.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2004. Speciation and solubility of Cu, Ni and Pb in contaminated soils. European Journal of Soil Science 55: 579-590.
Fox, M.A., Zhao, F.J.* and McGrath, S.P. 2004. A new method for the determination of the 34S/32S ratio of water-soluble sulphur in soil. International Journal of Environmental and Analytical Chemistry 84: 323-329.
Zha, H.G., Jiang, R.F., Zhao, F.J.*, Vooijs, R., Schat, H., Barker, J.H.A. and McGrath, S.P. 2004. Co-segregation analysis of cadmium and zinc accumulation in Thlaspi caerulescens interecotypic crosses. New Phytologist 163: 299-312.
Song, S., Zhao, F. J.*, Luo, Y. M., McGrath, S. P. and Zhang, H. 2004. Copper uptake by Elsholtzia splendens and Silene vulgaris and assessment of copper phytoavailability in contaminated soils. Environmental Pollution 128: 307-315.
Adams, M.L., Zhao, F.J.*, McGrath, S.P., Nicholson, F.A. and Chambers, B.J. 2004. Predicting cadmium concentrations in wheat and barley grain using soil properties. Journal of Environmental Quality 33: 532 -541.
Whiting, S.N., Reeves, R.D., Richards, D.,
Johnson, M.S., Cooke, J.A., Malaisse, F., Paton, A., Smith, J.A.C., Angle, J.S., Chaney, R.L., Ginocchio, R., Jaffré, T., Johns, R., McIntyre, T., Purvis, O.W., Salt, D.E., Schat, H., Zhao, F.J. and Baker, A.J.M. 2004. Research priorities for conservation of metallophyte biodiversity and its sustainable uses in ecological restoration and site remediation. Restoration Ecology 12: 106-116.
Zhao, F.J.*, Wang, J.R. Barker, J.H.A., Schat, H., Bleeker, P.M. and McGrath, S.P. 2003. The role of phytochelatins in arsenic tolerance in the hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata. New Phytologist 159: 403-410.
McGrath, S. P and Zhao, F.J. 2003. Phytoremediation of metals and metalloids from contaminated soils. Current Opinion of Biotechnology 14: 277-282.
Robinson, B.H., Lombi, E., Zhao F.J. and McGrath S.P. 2003. Uptake and distribution of Ni and other metals in the hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii. New Phytologist 158: 279-285.
Feeney, K.A., Heard, P.J., Zhao, F.J. and Shewry, P.R. 2003. Determination of the distribution of sulphur in wheat starchy endosperm cells using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) combined with isotope enhancement. Journal of Cereal Science 37: 311-318.
Zhao, F.J.*, Lombi, E. and McGrath, S.P. 2003. Assessing the potential for zinc and cadmium phytoremediation with the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. Plant and Soil 249: 37-43.
Zhao, F.J.*, Knights, J.S., Hu, Z.Y. and McGrath, S.P. 2003. Stable sulfur isotope ratio indicates long-term changes in sulfur deposition in the Broadbalk experiment since 1845. Journal of Environmental Quality 32: 33-39.
Wang J., Zhao F.J.*, Meharg A.A., Raab A., Feldmann J. and McGrath S.P. 2002. Mechanisms of arsenic hyperaccumulation in Pteris vittata: uptake kinetics, interactions with phosphate, and arsenic speciation. Plant Physiology 130: .
Zhao, F.J., Dunham, S.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2002. Arsenic hyperaccumulation by different fern species. New Phytologist 156: 27-31.
Lombi, E., Zhao, F.J., Fuhrmann, M., Ma, L.Q. and McGrath, S.P. 2002. Arsenic distribution and speciation in the fronds of the hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata. New Phytologist 156: 195-203.
Adams, M.L., Lombi, E., Zhao, F.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2002. Evidence of low selenium concentrations in UK breadmaking wheat grains. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 82: .
Lombi, E., Tearall, K.L., Howarth, J.R., Zhao, F.J., Hawkesford, M.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2002. Influence of iron status on cadmium and zinc uptake by different ecotypes of the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. Plant Physiology 128: .
Zhao, F.J.*, Hamon, R.E., Lombi, E., McLaughlin, M.L. and McGrath, S.P. 2002. Characteristics of cadmium uptake in two contrasting ecotypes of the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. Journal of Experimental Botany 53: 535-543.
Riley, N.L., Zhao, F.J.* and McGrath, S.P. 2002. Leaching of sulphur from different sulphur fertilisers: A lysimeter study. Soil Use and Management 18: 120-126.
Lombi, E., Zhao, F.J., Zhang, G, Sun, B., Fitz, W., Zhang, H. and McGrath, S.P. 2002. In situ fixation of metals using bauxite residue: chemical assessment. Environmental Pollution 118: 435-443.
Lombi, E., Zhao, F.J., Wieshammer, G., Zhang, G and McGrath, S.P. 2002. In situ fixation of metals using bauxite residue: biological effects. Environmental Pollution 118: 445-452.
McGrath, S.P., Zhao, F.J. and Lombi, E.
2002. Phytoremediation of metals, metalloids and radionuclides. Advances in Agronomy 75: 1-56.
Zhao, F.J.*, Hamon, R.E. and McLaughlin, M.J. 2001. Root exudates of the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens do not enhance metal mobilisation. New Phytologist 151: 613-620.
Lombi, E., Zhao, F.J., Dunham, S.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2001. Phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils: natural hyperaccumulation versus chemically-enhanced phytoextraction. Journal of Environmental Quality 30: .
Küpper, H., Lombi, E., Zhao, F.J., Wieshammer, G and McGrath, S.P. 2001. Cellular compartmentation of nickel in the hyperaccumulators Alyssum lesbiacum, Alyssum bertolonii and Thlaspi goesingense. Journal of Experimental Botany 52: .
Knights, J.S., Zhao, F.J.*, McGrath, S.P. and Magan, N. 2001. Long-term effects of land use and fertiliser treatments on sulphur transformation in the soils from the Broadbalk experiment. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33: .
Zhao, F.J.*, Spiro, B. and McGrath, S.P. 2001. Trends in 13C/12C ratios and C isotope discrimination of wheat since 1845. Oecologia 128: 336-342.
Zhao, F.J.*, Verkampen, K.C.J., Birdsey, M., Blake-Kalff, M.M.A. and McGrath, S.P. 2001. Use of the enriched stable isotope 34S to study sulphur uptake and distribution in wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition 24: .
Crosland, A.R., Zhao, F. J. and McGrath, S. P. 2001. Inter-laboratory comparison of sulphur and nitrogen analysis in plants and soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 32: 685-695.
Zhang, H., Zhao, F.J., Sun, B., Davison, W. and McGrath, S.P. 2001. A new method to measure effective soil solution concentration predicts copper availability to plants. Environmental Science and Technology 35: .
Lombi, E., Zhao, F.J., McGrath, S.P., Young, S.D. and Sacchi, G.A. 2001. Physiological evidence for a high-affinity cadmium transporter highly expressed in a Thlaspi caerulescens ecotype. New Phytologist 149: 53-60.
McGrath, S.P., Lombi, E. and Zhao, F.J. 2001. What’s new about cadmium hyperaccumulation? New Phytologist 149: 2-3.
Sun, B., Zhao, F.J., Lombi, E. and McGrath, S.P. 2001. Leaching of heavy metals from contaminated soils using EDTA. Environmental Pollution 113: 111-120.
Blake-Kalff, M.M.A., Zhao, F.J., Hawkesford, M.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2001. Using plant analysis to predict yield losses caused by sulphur deficiency. Annals of Applied Biology 138: 123-127.
McGrath, S.P., Zhao, F.J. and Lombi, E. 2001. Plant and rhizosphere processes involved in phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soils. Plant and Soil 232: 207-214.
Vulkan, R., Zhao, F.J., Barbosa-Jefferson, V., Preston, S., Paton, G.I., Tipping, E. and McGrath, S.P. 2000. Copper speciation and impacts on bacterial biosensors in the pore water of copper contaminated soils. Environmental Science and Technology. 34: .
Zhao, F.J., Lombi, E., Breedon, T. and McGrath, S.P. 2000. Zinc hyperaccumulation and cellular distribution in Arabidopsis halleri. Plant, Cell and Environment 23: 507-514.
Lombi, E., Zhao, F.J., Dunham, S.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2000. Cadmium accumulation in populations of Thlaspi caerulescens and Thlaspi goesingense. New Phytologist 145: 11-20. (Highlighted by New Phytologist Commentary “Cadmium for all meals: plants with an unusual appetite” by U. Kr?mer. 145: 1-3)
Küpper, H., Lombi, E., Zhao, F.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2000. Cellular compartmentation of cadmium and zinc in relation to other elements in the hyperaccumulator Arabidopsis halleri. Planta 212: 75-84.
Knights, J.S., Zhao, F.J.*, Spiro, B. and McGrath, S.P. 2000. Long-term effects of land use and fertilizer treatments on sulfur cycling. Journal Environmental Quality 29: .
McGrath, S. P., Zhao, F.J., Dunham, S.J., Crosland, A.R. and Coleman, K. 2000. Long-term changes in the extractability and bioavailability of zinc and cadmium after sludge application. Journal of Environmental Quality 29: 875-883.
Blake-Kalff, M.M.A., Hawkesford, M.J., Zhao, F.J. and S.P. McGrath. 2000. Diagnosing sulfur deficiency in field-grown oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant and Soil 225: 95-107.
Riley, N., Zhao, F.J.* and McGrath, S.P. 2000. Availability of different forms of sulphur fertilisers to wheat and oilseed rape. Plant and Soil 222: 137-145.
Küpper, H., Zhao, F.J. and McGrath, S.P. 1999. Cellular compartmentation of zinc in leaves of the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. Plant Physiology 119: 305-311.
Zhao, F.J.*, Hawkesford, M.J. and McGrath, S.P. 1999. Sulphur assimilation and effects on yield and quality of wheat. Journal of Cereal Science 30: 1-17.
Zhao, F.J.*, Wood, A.P. and McGrath, S.P. 1999. Effects of sulphur nutrition on growth and nitrogen fixation of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Plant and Soil 212: 207-217.
Zhao, F.J.*, Salmon, S.E., Withers, P.J.A., Monaghan, J.M., Evans, E.J., Shewry, P.R. and McGrath, S.P. 1999. Variation in the breadmaking quality and rheological properties of wheat in relation to sulphur nutrition under field conditions. Journal of Cereal Science 30: 19-31.
Zhao, F.J.*, Salmon, S.E., Withers, P.J.A., Evans, E.J., Monaghan, J.M., Shewry, P.R. and McGrath, S.P. 1999. Responses of breadmaking quality to sulphur in three wheat varieties.
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 79: .
Monaghan, J.M., Scrimgeour, C.M., Stein, W.M., Zhao, F.J. and Evans, E.J. 1999. Sulphur accumulation and redistribution in wheat (Triticum aestivum): a study using stable sulphur isotope ratios as a tracer system. Plant, Cell and Environment 22: 831-840.
Blake-Kalff, M.M.A., Harrison, K.R., Hawkesford, M.J., Zhao, F.J. and McGrath, S.P. 1998. Distribution of sulfur within oilseed rape leaves in response to sulfur deficiency during vegetative growth. Plant Physiology 118: .
Zhao, F.J., Spiro, B., Poulton, P.R. and McGrath, S.P. 1998. Use of sulfur isotope ratios to determine anthropogenic sulfur signals in a grassland system. Environmental Science and Technology 32: .
Zhao, F.J. Shen, Z.G. and McGrath, S.P. 1998. Solubility of zinc and interactions between zinc and phosphorus in the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. Plant, Cell and Environment. 21: 108-114.
Barbosa-Jefferson, V. L., Zhao, F.J.*, McGrath, S.P. and Magan, N. 1998. Thiosulphate and tetrathionate oxidation in arable soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 30: 553-559.
McGrath, S.P., Shen, Z.G. and Zhao, F.J. 1997. Heavy metal uptake and chemical changes in the rhizosphere of Thlaspi caerulescens and Thlaspi ochroleucum grown in contaminated soils. Plant and Soil. 188: 153-159.
Zhao, F.J.*, Bilsborrow, P.E., Evans, E.J. and McGrath, S.P. 1997. Study of the nitrogen to sulphur ratio in rapeseed and in rapeseed protein and its use to diagnose sulphur deficiency.
Journal of Plant Nutrition 20: 549-558.
Shen, Z.G., Zhao, F.J. and McGrath, S.P. 1997. Uptake and transport of zinc in the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens and the non-hyperaccumulator Thlaspi ochroleucum. Plant, Cell and Environment 20: 898-906.
Knight, B., Zhao, F.J., McGrath, S.P. and Shen, Z.G. 1997. Zinc and cadmium uptake by the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens in contaminated soils and its effects on the concentration and chemical speciation of metals in soil solution. Plant and Soil 197: 71-78.
Zhao, F.J.*, Withers, P.J.A., Evans, E.J., Monaghan, J., Salmon, S.E., Shewry, P.R. and McGrath, S.P. 1997. Sulphur nutrition: An important factor for the quality of wheat and rapeseed. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 43: .
McGrath, S.P. and Zhao, F.J. 1996. Sulphur uptake, yield responses and the interactions between nitrogen and sulphur in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Journal of Agricultural Science.
126: 53-62.
Zhao, F.J.*, Loke, S.Y., Crosland, A.R. and McGrath, S.P. 1996. Method to determine elemental sulphur in soils applied to measure sulphur oxidation. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 28: .
Zhao, F.J.*, Hawkesford, M.J., Warrilow, A.G.S., McGrath, S.P. and Clarkson, D.T. 1996. Responses of two wheat varieties to sulphur addition and diagnosis of sulphur deficiency. Plant and Soil. 181: 317-327.
Crosland, A.R., Zhao, F.J., McGrath, S.P. and Lane, P.J. 1995. Comparison of aqua regia extraction with sodium carbonate fusion for the determination of soil phosphorus by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.
Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 26: .
Zhao, F.J.*, McGrath, S.P., Crosland, A.R. and Salmon, S.E. 1995. Changes in the sulphur status of British wheat grain in the last decade, and its geographical distribution. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 68: 507-514.
McGrath, S.P. and Zhao, F.J.
1995. A risk assessment of sulphur deficiency in cereals using soil and atmospheric deposition data. Soil Use and Management.
11: 110-114.
Chaudri, A.M., Zhao, F.J., McGrath, S.P. and Crosland, A.R. 1995. The cadmium content in British wheat grain. Journal of Environmental Quality.
24: 850-855.
Zhao, F. and McGrath, S.P. 1994. Soil extractable sulphate and organic sulphur and their availability to plant. Plant and Soil.
164: 243-250.
Zhao, F., McGrath, S.P. and Crosland, A.R. 1994. Comparison of three wet digestion methods for the determination of plant sulphur by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis.25: 407-418.
Zhao, F. and McGrath, S.P. 1994. Comparison of sulphur uptake by oilseed rape and the soil sulphur status of two adjacent fields with different soil series. Soil Use and Management. 10: 47-50.
Zhao, F.J., Evans, E.J., Bilsborrow, P.E. and Syers, J.K. 1994. Influence of nitrogen and sulphur on the glucosinolate profile in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture.
64: 295-304.
Bilsborrow, P.E., Evans, E.J., Murray, F. and Zhao, F.J. 1993. Glucosinolate changes in developing pods of single and double low varieties of autumn-sown oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Annals of Applied Biology.
122: 135-143.
Bilsborrow, P.E., Evans, E.J. and Zhao, F.J. 1993. The influence of spring nitrogen on yield, yield components and glucosinolate content of autumn-sown oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Journal of Agricultural Science. 120: 219-224.
Zhao, F.J., Evans, E.J., Bilsborrow, P.E. and Syers, J.K. 1993. Sulphur uptake and distribution in double and single low varieties of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.).
Plant and Soil. 150, 69-76.
Zhao, F.J., Bilsborrow, P.E., Evans, E.J. and Syers, J.K. 1993. Sulphur turnover in developing pods of single and double low varieties of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 62: 111-119.
Zhao, F.J.*, Evans, E.J., Bilsborrow, P.E. and Syers, J.K. 1993. Influence of sulphur and nitrogen on seed yield and quality of low glucosinolate oilseed rape (Brassica napus L). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 63: 29-37.
Zhao, F.J.*, Evans, E.J., Bilsborrow, P.E., Schnug, E. and Syers, J.K. 1992. Correction for protein content in the determination of glucosinolate content of rapeseed by the X-RF method. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 58: 431-433.
Schnug, E., Haneklaus, S., Zhao, F. and Evans, E.J. 1992. Relations between total sulphur and glucosinolate content in rapeseed - calibration of the X-RF method. Fett Wissenschaft Technologie-Fat Science and Technology. 94: 246-249.
Book chapters:
Stroud, J.L., Zhao, F.J., McGrath, S.P. and Hart, D. 2009. Methods for the analysis of selenium and other minerals. In: Analysis of Bioactive Components in Small Grain Cereals, Eds. P.R. Shewry and J.L. Ward. AAAC International, St Paul, Minnesota. 95-111.
Zhao, F.J., Tausz, M. and De Kok L.J. 2008. Role of sulfur for plant production ain agricultural and natural ecosystems. In: Sulfur Metabolism in Phototropic Organisms, Ed. R. Hell. Springer. 425-443.
Whiting, S.N., Reeves, R.D., Richards, D., Johnson, M.S., Cooke, J.A., Malaisse, F., Paton, A., Smith, J.A.C., Angle, J.S., Chaney, R.L., Ginocchio, R., Jaffré, T., Johns, R., McIntyre, T., Purvis, O.W., Salt, D.E., Schat, H., Zhao, F.J. and Baker, A.J.M. 2005. Using plants to manage sites contaminated with heavy metals. In: Plant Nutritional Genomics, Eds. M. Broadley and P.J. White. Blackwell Publisher, pp. 287-315.
Zhao, F.J. and McGrath, S.P. 2003. Importance of sulfur for the quality of breadmaking wheat and malting barley. In: Sulfur Transport and Assimilation in Plants, Ed. J.-C. Davidian, D. Grill, L. J. De Kok, I. Stulen, M. J. Hawkesford, E. Schnug and H. Rennenberg. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. 133-143.
Zhao, F.J., Wu, J. and McGrath, S.P. 1996. Soil organic sulphur and its turnover. In: Humic Substances in the Terrestrial Ecosystems, Ed. A. Piccolo. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. 467-506.