美国切萨皮克能源球馆海湾基金会是干什么的

美国“失落的殖民地”
参考译文:
美国“失落的殖民地”
一个只留下笔迹而神秘失踪的殖民者的故事
罗诺克岛位于美国大西洋海岸中部的北卡罗莱纳州之外。在1587年,100多人从英国来到这个岛居住,三年后,这些人又离开了。今天,我们重访这个神秘的岛屿,去了解这个美国“失落的殖民地”所发生的一切。
第一批到美国英国殖民者原本希望能够到达切萨皮克海湾沿岸,然而,他们没有向更远的北方行驶,而是来到了罗诺克岛,没有人知道这是为什么?罗诺克岛是一个很低矮、狭长的岛屿,它位于奥特班克斯群岛和美洲大陆之间。罗诺克岛上有着厚厚、潮湿的土壤,高高的橡树和大量的野生动植物。现在,这座岛屿上的这些东西比殖民者到达此地时还要丰富。
当这117名男女老少到达罗诺克岛时,他们并不是第一批到达此岛并在此定居的白人。在二年前的1585年,有一群一百多人的英国人到达此地,但他们那年到达此地的时间太晚了,没能赶上种植庄稼,而他们的补给几乎就没有了,他们还要和印第安人打战。于是这些英国人在第二年就返回英国了。随后到来的这些殖民者定居在此,形成了这个“失落的殖民地”。该殖民地的行政长官约翰.怀特率领这些人来到了这个新的世界,他很快意识到殖民者需要大量的补给和枪支弹药才能在此地生存下来。所以,在到达此地几个月后,他决定回英国一趟。就在他动身返回英国的十天前,他的女儿埃莉诺.迪尔生下了一个女孩,维吉尼亚.迪尔成为第一个在美国出生的英国小孩。约翰.怀特将再也无法知道他孙女的情况了,在他动身返回英国前,这是他最后一次见他的家人。
当他回到英国时,约翰.怀特发现他被当时英国的形势所困。1580年,英国已经向西班牙宣战,所有的船只都投入到战争之中。最后,在1590年,怀特才回到了罗诺克岛,但他没有找到那个很小的、繁忙的、不断成长的定居点,相反,这里一切都是空的。那些殖民者到哪去了呢?唯一留下的证据是一颗砍断了的树和一个栅栏,在栅栏上写下了三个字母:C-R-O和Croatoan这个单词。
约翰.怀特认为这些殖民者可能与罗诺克岛南部的Croatoan印第安人一起居住,他准备去看看,但一次巨大的台风损害了他船上的一些装备,他被迫再次回到英国。这位罗诺克岛的行政长官多次想再回到美国,可惜他没能成功。约翰.怀特永远也不知道罗诺克岛和他的家人到底发生了什么。
历史学家们给出了许多解释:土著美国人也许把这些殖民者都给杀死了,或者这些人被来自现在的佛罗里达州的西班牙军队给杀害了,或者也许这些殖民者到了一个更远的岛,在那他们也许遇到一些友好的印第安人,然后他们与那些友好的印第安人通婚,一起生活。
关于失落殖民地的最有趣的解释始于1937年所发现的一块石头。这块石头距罗诺克岛不到一百公里的地方发现,这块石头上留下了笔迹。许多人认为这是埃莉诺.迪尔向他父亲传递信息的石头,她告诉她的父亲,她们那些殖民者在遭到印第安人的攻击后逃离了罗诺克岛。在此后的三年中,大约有四十块石头被发现。把这些石头放在一起,这些石头向人们讲述了一个那些殖民者是如何行进以及埃莉诺.迪尔是如何在1599年去逝的故事。许多历史学家并不相信这个故事,但有许多记者相信这个故事。然而,很快,有一位记者经过调查发现,这整个故事都是骗人的。
随着时间的过去,这块殖民地本身也消失了。树木和灌木丛已经漫过殖民者所建的住房。大约在1653年,一位名叫约翰.法勒的商人和他的三位朋友从维吉尼亚来到了罗诺克岛。有些历史学家说,这些人在失落的殖民地那发现了一些东西,并将这些东西带走了。在十九世纪六十年代的美国南北战争期间,北方军队在罗诺克岛取得了一场胜利。当时,这些士兵显然为了寻找殖民者的生活迹象而进行挖掘。在二十世纪四十年代,职业的考古学家开始对罗诺克岛进行考察,但直至最近几年,也没有什么发现。
设在北卡罗莱纳州的国际海事研究会正在寻找更多的殖民地时期的文物,但该研究会的主任戈登.瓦特斯并不是去挖掘这些文物,而是到水里去寻找。这项研究是在陆地和水下寻找失落殖民地的遗物计划的一部分。有一位北卡罗莱纳州的律师,他叫菲尔.埃文斯,他组织成立了
“第一殖民地基金会”,为此项研究筹集资金。在二十世纪八十年代,埃文斯先生为福特.拉瑞国家历史遗址工作,在此期间,他发现了来自殖民地时期的一枯古老的井,他是在罗诺克岛海湾发现的。
戈登.瓦特斯说,随着时间的流逝,海水不断地对岛屿进行侵蚀,其结果,一些罗诺克岛殖民地的一些文物就会沉到了罗诺克岛海湾之中。有些专家反对这个“侵蚀理论”。但国家公园管理局的考古学家在2000年进行水下调查,他们发现了200多个可能有历史文物的地方。瓦特斯先生和他的调查小组已经开始在罗诺克岛东北部勘察。在2005年10月,潜水员探寻了靠近海滨的一个区域。到目前为止,他们所找到的包括一块砖的碎片,这块砖是殖民地时期用于建房的。
来到罗诺克岛,游客可以更多地了解这个失落的殖民地。在这个岛的最北端就是福特.拉瑞国家历史遗址。这个公园是由殖民者在原址建起来的,这里有一些来自殖民地时期的文物,其中还包括一个印第安人的烟管。在这个遗址中,还有一些用于耕种的铁器。这里还有一些金属工具,这些金属工具是用来保守帐本的。一个堡垒模样的东西是这个公园唯一的建筑,它和第一批在此建造的建筑一样建在最合适的地方。设计这样的模型是为了能够观察同样是第一次到达此地的英国人。这个堡垒是一座拥有数个尖角的正方形建筑,这个尖角叫又叫棱堡,一个棱堡是防御的最佳位置。
进入福特.拉瑞国家遗址的游客中心,是伊丽莎白房间,这个房间四面是木墙,里面有一个石壁炉。这个石壁炉来自十六世纪英国的一个家庭。伊丽莎白房间与沃尔特.拉瑞先生的房间相似。沃尔特.拉瑞先生是一位富有的英国投资者,他支持殖民者在罗诺克岛定居。出了游客中心,就是伊丽莎白花园,这些花园由北卡罗莱纳州花园俱乐部修建。优美的小路引导着游客在鲜花和树木中穿行。游客游玩了伊丽莎白公园后就可进入一个十六世纪的花房。
在夏夜,游客来到罗诺克岛,能够看到一项名叫“失落的殖民地”的演出。罗诺克岛历史学会自1937年以来一直在此表演,音乐和舞蹈向游客讲述了这个殖民地的神秘。这个演出在伊丽莎白花园附近的一个户外历史剧场进行。
有关埃莉诺.迪尔和其他殖民者的疑问,不断吸引着历史学家和研究人员来到罗诺克岛,他们希望能够找到新的证据,说明这位年轻的母亲和她的婴儿究竟发生了什么。如今,这座神秘的美国“失落的殖民地”仍然只是一个只留下笔迹而失踪的殖民者的故事。
那一百多人,到底怎么了?谁也不知道!我们唯一能够知道的,就是这些人为了新的生活空间而不惜牺牲生命来到了这样一个新的世界,其勇气令人钦佩,其行为令人赞赏,其精神令人神往!
这些人为什么要到这里来?我们在美国历史系列的刚开始讲过,他们大都是为了寻求自由,为了寻求土地,为了寻求财富。
西方之所以能够走在时代的前列,正是因为他们有这种为了目的而不惜一切的勇气和决心。正是因为有这种勇气和决心,使他们开辟了一条又一条通往新世界的航道,正是因为有了这种勇气和决心,他们开辟了一片又一片的殖民地。
不可否认,他们在开辟这些殖民地时,对人类犯下了不可饶恕的罪行,但同时,他们也给人类带来了巨大的利益,给世界带来了巨大的变化。
安贫乐道,是我们中国人自古以来的“美德”,然而,也正是这种安贫乐道,才是我们中国由盛转衰,最终到了让人随意欺负的地步。如今,我们也正是由于不断地破除这种安贫乐道的“美德”,我们的国家才一步步走向强盛,走向繁荣。
人是要有点精神的,但我们需要的不是安贫乐道,我们需要的是勇于进取,不断追求的精神。
America's 'Lost
Colony': A Story Whose Ending Remains to Be Written
Island is off the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States, in North
Carolina. In fifteen eighty-seven, more than one hundred people
arrived from England to live on the island. Three years later, they
were gone. Today we revisit the mystery of whatever happened to
America's "Lost Colony." &
first settlement of families in America was supposed to be along
the Chesapeake Bay. The colonists, however, settled on Roanoke
Island instead of sailing farther north. No one knows why. Roanoke
is a low, narrow island between the mainland and the islands of the
Outer Banks. The island has thick wetlands, tall oak trees and a
lot of wildlife. Today it appears much as it did when the colonists
United States stamp of 1937
honoring Virginia Dare, the first English child born in an American
The one hundred seventeen men, women
and children were not the first white people to try to live on the
island. A group of more than one hundred Englishmen had arrived two
years earlier, in fifteen eighty-five. But they arrived too late in
the year to plant crops, and their supplies nearly ran out. They
also fought with Indians. The Englishmen returned home the
following year. Then came the families of what would become the
Lost Colony. Governor John White led this group to the New World.
Soon, he recognized that the settlers would need more supplies and
weapons to survive. So, after only a few months, he decided to
return to England.& Ten days before he sailed, his
daughter Eleanor Dare had a baby girl. Virginia Dare became the
first English child born in America. John White would never know
his granddaughter. The last time the governor saw his family was
just before he returned to England.
When he arrived in England, John
White found himself trapped by the situation there. Britain had
declared war with Spain in fifteen eighty. All the ships were sent
to battle. Finally, in fifteen ninety, Governor White returned to
Roanoke Island. But he did not find the small settlement busy and
growing. Instead, it was empty. Where could the people have gone?
The only evidence was cut into a tree and a fence: the letters
C-R-O and the word Croatoan,
C-R-O-A-T-O-A-N.&
1584 map of Chesapeake Bay to
Cape Lookout by John White
John White thought the colonists had
gone to live with the Croatoan Indians south of Roanoke. He was
ready to investigate. But a great storm damaged some equipment on
his ships. He was forced to return again to England. The governor
tried several more times to go back to America. He never succeeded.
John White never knew what happened to the colony or his
Historians have theories. Native
Americans may have killed the colonists. Or the British could have
been killed by Spanish troops who came up from what is now Florida.
Or perhaps the settlers went farther inland. There, they might have
met friendly Indians and married into their tribes.
The most interesting theory about
the Lost Colony started with a rock found in nineteen thirty-seven.
The rock was discovered less than one hundred kilometers from
Roanoke Island. It was covered with writing. Many people thought it
was a message from Eleanor Dare to her father, telling him the
colonists fled the island after an Indian attack. Almost forty
other rocks were discovered over the next three years. Together,
they told a story of how the colonists traveled, and how Eleanor
Dare died in fifteen ninety-nine.& Many historians
did not believe the story. But many reporters did. In time,
however, an investigative reporter discovered that the whole story
was a lie.
As time passed, the settlement
itself disappeared. Trees and bushes started to cover the
buildings. In about sixteen fifty-three, a trader named John Farrar
and three friends landed on the island from Virginia. Some
historians say the group found objects from the Lost Colony and
left with them. In the eighteen sixties, during the American Civil
War, Union soldiers won a battle on Roanoke Island. While there,
the soldiers apparently dug for evidence of colonial life. In the
nineteen forties, professional archeologists started to investigate
the island. But little has been found in recent years.
The Institute for International
Maritime Research, based in North Carolina, is looking for more
objects from the colonial period. But its director, Gordon Watts,
is not digging for the artifacts. Instead, the archeologist is
diving for them. The research is part of a project to search on
land and in the water for remains of the Lost Colony. A North
Carolina lawyer named Phil Evans organized a group called the First
Colony Foundation to raise money for this purpose. In the nineteen
eighties, Mister Evans worked at the Fort Raleigh National Historic
Site. During that time, he found what was left of an old well from
colonial days. He made this discovery in Roanoke Sound.
Gordon Watts says the sea, over
time, may have worn away areas of land. As a result, he says other
objects from colonial life may be under the waters of the Roanoke
Sound. Some other experts reject this erosion theory. But National
Park Service archeologists did underwater research in two thousand.
They found more than two hundred places that might contain
historical objects. Mister Watts and his team have begun work on
the northeast side of Roanoke Island. In October of two thousand
five, the divers explored an area close to shore. So far, their
findings have included pieces of a brick that could be from
building materials used in colonial times.
Visitors to Roanoke Island can learn
more about the Lost Colony. At the northern end of the island is
the Fort Raleigh National Historic Site. This park was developed on
the same land used by the colonists. Objects from the colonial
period include an Indian smoking pipe. There are pieces of iron
farming equipment. And there are metal counting devices used for
keeping financial records.& A model fort is the
only structure in the park built in the exact place as the first
building. The model was designed to look the same as when those
first Englishmen arrived. The fort was mainly a square building
with pointed structures called bastions. A bastion is a secure
position used for defense against attack.
Sir Walter Raleigh
Inside the visitors center at the
Fort Raleigh National Historic Site is the Elizabethan Room. It has
wooden walls and a stone fireplace. The fireplace is from a
sixteenth-century British home. The Elizabethan Room is similar to
rooms in the home of Sir Walter Raleigh. He was a wealthy British
investor who supported the settlement of Roanoke Island. Outside
the visitors center are the Elizabethan Gardens, created by the
Garden Club of North Carolina. Beautiful paths lead visitors among
flowers and plants. People visiting the Elizabethan Gardens can
enter through a sixteenth-century garden house.
During summer nights, visitors to
the island can see a play called "The Lost Colony." The Roanoke
Island Historical Association has been performing this play since
nineteen thirty-seven. Music and dance tell the mysterious story of
the colonists. The show is performed in a historic outdoor theater
near the Elizabethan Gardens.
Questions about Eleanor Dare and the
other lost colonists continually bring historians and other
researchers to Roanoke Island. They hope to discover new evidence
about what happened to the young mother and her baby. For now,
the mystery of America's Lost Colony is a story whose ending
remains to be written.
已投稿到:
以上网友发言只代表其个人观点,不代表新浪网的观点或立场。美国切萨皮克海湾隧道长桥
美国切萨皮克海湾建有一条世界上最长的跨海“隧道长桥”,全长28公里,由海底隧道及海面长桥互相连接而成。设计新颖独特,科学合理,极富有创意。隧道上海面仍可以通过大船和巨舰。隧道长桥把东北边的特拉华州和南边的弗吉尼亚州都连通了。
切萨皮克湾是美国东部大西洋由南向北伸入内陆最深入的海湾,位于马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州之间。由于海湾曲折多岛,为船舶停靠提供了优良条件,位于湾头的巴尔的摩和湾口的诺福克都是国际著名的港口。为了方便海湾两岸的交通往来和来此旅游的国内外游客,美国政府投资兴建了切萨皮克湾大桥,并于1964年通车。这一世界最长的桥梁隧道综合体全长37公里,被称为“现代世界七大奇迹之一”。切萨皮克湾大桥是一座双向越洋大桥,从诺福克到特拉华半岛,在切萨皮克湾和大西洋之间架起了一座水上长廊。
以上网友发言只代表其个人观点,不代表新浪网的观点或立场。(日 水信息网)切萨皮克湾基金会日前继续就一项政府管理的海湾清洁计划对政府展开批评,他们认为政府对于被污染包围的海湾所作的清洁工作乏善可陈,几乎可以说是束手无策。
“今年,我们为旨在重建切萨皮克湾生态的项目的实施举办了盛大的二十周年庆典,而具有讽刺意味的是,我们不得不承认这个海湾的近况比二十年前更加恶化了。”基金会的主席威廉姆斯·C·贝克不无遗憾的说。
基金会在近期发布的海湾近况的年度报告中引用了贝克的评论。该组织声称海湾的环境健康指数仅为27(满分为100分),这个指数比去年下降了1个分值。并且有进一步的证据表明基金会已经对清洁计划的缓慢进程和缺乏效率开始失去耐心。
与之形成鲜明对比的是,环境保护机构的海湾项目办公室上周发表声明说,根据他们自己所作的调查,他们对从污水中减少氮和磷化合物污染的努力已经初见成效,这些污水大多来自于污水排放口排放的废水和地表汇集的污水,最后都会汇入海湾的水体中。
但海湾基金会同时指出,去年夏天在海湾地区出现的大范围的“死亡地带”现象(水体含氧量极低)就是清洁措施没有发挥应有作用的有力证据。
有批评者指出,在地势较低的拉帕汉诺克河,高度污染的水体是导致生活在河中的90%的牡蛎死亡的直接原因,这种情况同时也加速了当地水产经济的衰落,在此之前当地的养鱼业一直受到各种鱼类寄生虫的困扰。
拥有110000名成员的基金会,在二十年前推动了维吉尼亚州、马里兰州和宾夕法尼亚州加入海湾重建计划,却在新的一轮计划中举步维艰。
去年,据报道,清洁计划曾经因为项目管理层群龙无首缺乏控制而进展缓慢。今年,计划的组织者要求,维吉尼亚及其临近地区应限制经污水处理工厂处理后排入海湾的污水的氮含量。
“真是令人沮丧,” 杰夫·卡宾说。他目前是维吉尼亚基金会的资深科学家,“海湾的污染状况令人担忧,它与《清洁水法案》的目标背道而驰。”
维吉尼亚和其他濒海地区正在面临着联邦政府要求限期提高水质的最后通谍,否则就要受到联邦污染控制中心的制裁。维吉尼亚州的法规制定者正在研究制定新的含氮量限制标准的可行性,但他们同时也承认这需要数年的时间来进行相关调查。
基金会的海湾环境健康报告指出州政府在森林重建方面有所进展,重建的森林能起到调节河流蓄水能力的作用,同时还可以提高在海湾地区繁衍的美国鲱鱼的生存环境。
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纳污海域水环境容量计算与总量分配方法研究——以钦州湾为例
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